Barin: janar bayani dalla-dalla, abun da ke ciki, aikace-aikace, Gost

Domin Sphere na ginin sabis ne na hali da kuma saba a ra'ayi kamar rokoki. Gost 28013 (amince da saka a cikin karfi da jihar stroykomiteta №7 Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1989.; An maye gurbinsu da wannan Standard, yarda da jihar Construction kwamitin Rasha №30 1998 da kuma shiga karfi daga Yuli 1999) fassara a matsayin sa na sharuddan "turmi mix", "bushe turmi", "bayani" da kuma kayyade misali bukatun ga kowa bayani dalla-dalla game da m shiri, sufuri, da kuma samu da kuma ingancin Manuniya.

Kamar yadda wani gefe bayanin kula: wadannan nagartacce ba su shafi zafi da kuma sinadaran resistant rokoki.

Mene ne turmi?

A abun da ke ciki na bayani ne ya tsara da kuma Mix sosai har sai m aka gyara: m, lafiya tara da kuma hadawa. Idan dole, musamman Additives iya kara zuwa da mafita. Conventionally wani m, bada wani bayani da elasticity, abubuwa a matsayin sumunti, gypsum, ko lemun tsami. Filler ne yawanci yashi, mai hadawa - ruwa.

Ba ya bukatar curing, cikakken shirye don amfani bayan haɗa da zama dole aka gyara aka sani turmi turmi. Turmi mix na iya kunshi da bushe sinadaran, gauraye a factory. Wannan ake kira bushe turmi. Ta rufe ruwa kafin yin amfani.

A ƙẽƙashe taro kama wucin gadi dutse, cikinsa da m binds tare da yashi gaɓũɓuwa, game da shi, rage gogayya, aka kira a matsayin mafita.

rokoki: Janar bayani dalla-dalla

Barin suna classified kamar haka.

Dangane da m a cikin abun da ke ciki an bambanta:

1. Simple guda bangaren - sumunti, lemun tsami ko gypsum. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, denoted da wani rabo na 1: 2, 1: 3, cikinsa da 1 - wani ɓangare (sulusi da murabba'i) na m, na biyu lamba - nawa guda na filler kara wa rabo daga m.

2. Complex, gauraye, Multi-bangaren. Wannan, misali, sumunti, farar ƙasa, farar ƙasa, gypsum, lãka kuma bambaro, lemun tsami da kuma ash, da sauransu. Ana nuna adadi uku: babban m, da m kara da cewa, a filler.

A da rabo daga m da yashi a matsayin yawa dogara. Akwai rokoki:

1. al'ada. Halin da wani mafi kyau duka rabo daga m kuma filler.

2. m. Halin da wani wuce haddi na m ba mafi girma shrinkage a lokacin shigarwa, fasa (tare da wani lokacin farin ciki Layer shaida). Ƙaddara da baftisma sanda a cikin wani bayani - mai cakuda encapsulating shi da wani lokacin farin ciki Layer.

3. jingina. Halin da wani rashin, karamin adadin m, kusan ba shrinkage, mafi kyau duka ga rufi. Ana tsare kamar haka: by baftisma da itace a cikin wani bayani cakuda ba a kanta.

By da kaddarorin rokoki binders kasu kashi:

- iska - su solidification faruwa ga iska bushe yanayi (gypsum).

- na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa - solidification matakai fara da kuma ci gaba a cikin iska a wani gumi muhalli, misali, a cikin ruwa (ciminti).

Dangane da amfani da yashi, ko na al'ada halitta, dutsen, kogin, ko hur porous (kumbura lãka, pumice, tuff), akwai nauyi (daga 1500 kg / M3 yawa a cikin bushe jihar) da haske (har zuwa 1500 kg / M3) rokoki. Quality tara da tasiri kai tsaye a kan karuwa a cikin ƙarfin karshe samfur. Saboda haka, idan aka kwatanta da slag, hadawa da m da yashi yi ba tare da impurities (ma'adinai salts, lãka dutse inclusions) qara da ƙarfin da mafita ga 40%.

A gwada yawa rabo daga cikin ruwa kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirye-shiryen da mafita: da rashin ta bayani ne halin da rigidity, wani wuce haddi - delamination, inda ingantaccen ƙarfi halaye an rage.

Tabbatarwa da cewa turmi (Gost 28013-98) shirya yadda ya kamata a daidai da ingancin nagartacce kuma daidai rabo na so aka gyara ne ta Sannan ina. M, roba abun da ke ciki shi ne iya cika dukan gibba, da compacted, compacted, ba marmashe, ba ¡uraishi, ba zamewa tare da ganuwar. Tare da low a hadawa da kuma kara da m bayani zama mafi ductile, amma wannan take kaiwa zuwa high shrinkage a lokacin solidification na ginin abu da kuma ta haka ne da samuwar fasa.

Zauna a kan fasaha fasali na turmi garwayayye, kuma mafita, duk sigogi ne ke iko da yanzu nagartacce.

Ingantaccen halaye na turmi

Muhimmanci ingancin sigogi turmi protrude talakawan yawa, ikon rike ruwa, da motsi, da peelability. A kasa m amfani a bukatun hõre ta a cikin cakuda, da mafi alheri. Idan cakuda ya na da lokacin da za a ansu rubuce-rubucen da shi ko unfreeze, shi ne tsananin haramta don ƙara wani hadawa. Don cimma da ake so Properties da muhimmanci a yadda ya kamata a shirya turmi mix, zasu tafi, daidaita kayan a gare su. Ya kamata a cyclical mixers (m irin), nauyi (karfi) mataki. A wannan halatta kuskure na 2 har zuwa% dangi zuwa dauri, wani hadawa, bushe Additives, har zuwa 2.5 - tare da girmamawa ga filler. Domin hunturu yanayi, da mafita zafin jiki ya zama daidai da ko mafi girma daga 5 ° C. A ganiya ruwa zazzabi gauging - 80 ° C.

Dangane da dokoki na motsi gano wata yawan brands na turmi:

1. PC4 - halin da al'ada motsi na 1-4 cm da aka amfani da su makarkata kufai a karkara ..

2. Pk8 - toshe motsi dogara ne saɓani a cikin kewayon 4 zuwa 8 cm munasaba to talakawa juji (M dutse da tubali) masonry, tiling, shigarwa ganuwar (manyan-block, manyan-panel) ..

3. Pk12 -. Motsi na fiye da 8 da kuma har zuwa 12 cm da ake amfani da kwanciya da na al'ada tubali, plastering, bango sutura, ciko voids.

Da ikon na freshly shirya turmi ga riƙe ruwa - shi ne ma daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Manuniya. Quality Score a vitro hidima alamar 90% a cikin hunturu, da 95% - a lokacin rani. A samar da site shi ya wuce 75% na ruwa Holding iya aiki kamar yadda ƙaddara da dakin gwaje-gwaje data. A mafi girma da yawa, da hakan da ruwa juriya. Domin factory bushe turmi Mixes m danshi abun ciki zuwa 0.1% da nauyi.

Game da peelability kuma matsakaici yawa, dangane da biyu fihirisa iya zama daidai ga cikin 10%, ba mafi girma. Idan turmi cakuda da aka kara iska-entraining Additives, dangi da talakawan yawa kudi tayi zuwa 6% na kayyade aikin.

Ingancin nagartacce ga mafita

A talakawan yawa, sanyi juriya, compressive ƙarfi - asali ingancin Manuniya mafita. Saboda haka, akwai da dama brands cewa ƙayyade wani ƙarfi daga axial matsawa: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.

F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 - mark characterizing sanyi nuna alama bayani wanda aka hõre alternately misãlin - defrosting. Frost nuna alama yana daya daga cikin matuqar muhimmanci ga kankare, masonry, plaster, a cikin hali na matsanancin plaster. All iri mafita ake kula.

Yawa rokoki (Gost 28013) ne zuwa kashi nauyi da haske cokali mai yatsu sabawa a yi ba zai iya zama ya fi 10% na kayyade aikin. A mafi wuya aka dauke da kankare mix. Ana amfani da lokacin kwanciya harsãshensa, da gina benen kasa. A mafi girma da yawa, da karfi, firmer bayani.

Quality Standards abubuwa kunshe a cikin mafita

Kamar yadda abubuwa amfani da shiri na mafita, amfani da sumunti, lemun tsami, gypsum raw yashi, ciki har da thermal ikon daga slags, tsãwa guda makera slag. Duk wadannan aka gyara, kazalika da ruwa ga rokoki, dole ne hadu wasu bukatun kamar data Gost 28013 da kuma ingancin nagartacce zartar da kowane bangaren.

filler

Ga kowane turmi dangane da nufin yin amfani da bukatar wani filler bukata zafi. Saboda haka, ya dace don kammala turmi yashi hatsi tare da wani size up to 1.25 mm, kasar gona - 2.5 mm, plastering yashi hatsi iya isa 1-2 mm, kammala plastering Layer - ba fiye 1.25 mm (yiwu karkacewa zuwa 0.5% da nauyi, amma da mafita bai kamata ya ƙunshi fiye da 2.5 mm yashi hatsi). Idan yashi da ake amfani da ash, da nauyi kada ta kasance kankara, daskararre lumps. A zafi yanayin gini yashi da zazzabi iya wuce 60 ° C. Hur turmi unsa hadawa mai m da porous yashi (shungite, vermiculite, kumbura lãka, perlite, slag pumice, aglonirit, tashi ash da sauransu). Ado mytyh mafita sanya daga ma'adini yashi, crumbs dutse hatsi tare da wani size har zuwa 2.5 mm (dutse, marmara, yumbu, carbon, roba). Launi plastering facades shafi yin amfani da 2-5 mm dutse, gilashin, yumbu, kwal, shale, roba marmashi. Masu launin ciminti-turmi plastering ne da za'ayi ta ƙara zuwa abun da ke ciki canza launin ciminti bayani, halitta, ko roba pigments dacewa nagartacce.

sunadarai Additives

Shiri na turmi sau da yawa ya shafi ƙara zuwa abun da ke ciki na daban-daban inganta samfurin ingancin sunadarai Additives cewa hana delamination, taimakawa ga mafi motsi, ƙarfi, inganta sanyi juriya daga cikin cakuda. Wannan ake kira Superplasticizing, plasticizers, dattako, ruwa-rikewa, iska-entraining, accelerating hardening, retarding, maganin daskarewa, gaskets, gidrofobiliziruyuschie, bactericidal, hurawa tsarin. A karshe hudu ne don amfani a lokuta na musamman.

The bukata adadin sinadaran Additives aka ƙaddara da batches a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Samar daidai da matsayin, ba su haifar da da lalata kayan, lalatattu effects a kan sarrafa Tsarin da gine-gine. Classified da irin, sa, su duk suna da labari, kazalika da misali zane-zane da kuma bayani dalla-dalla. Saboda haka, a hardening accelerating Additives hada sulfate sodium (CH Gost 6318, TU 38-10742) to maganin daskarewa - urea (carbamide) (M Gost 2081) a The ruwa riƙewa - carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC TU 6-05-386) . A cikakken jerin Additives kayyade a cikin appendix to 28013. Standard sumunti turmi samar da Bugu da kari na Organic (mikropenoobrazovateli) da kuma inorganic (clays, lemun tsami, sumunti kiln ƙura, tashi ash, da dai sauransu) plasticizers.

Fasaha ingancin iko

Ciniki da cewa ƙera turmi, m fasaha iko da aka yi da dispensing da ake bukata gyara da kuma dace shiri na turmi. Control ne da za'ayi da zarar ta motsa. Turmi cakuda wannan abun da ke ciki samar da motsi, za su zama jam'iyyun. A lura da samfurori da aka aiko zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje (zaba bisa ga Gost 5802) domin sanin duk fasaha halaye.

Idan masu amfani da aka bai wa wanin wadanda kayyade a IEC 28013 yi, ingancin kayayyakin ne batun kula da yarjejeniya tsakanin manufacturer da kuma mabukaci.

Test rokoki gudanar a awon yanayi da manufacturer, a wadda mai siye iya nemi iko samfurori turmi da kuma turmi. Turmi mix aka saki da kundinta, bushe turmi - nauyi.

Game da halaye na turmi ta ikon delamination da rikewa ruwa, da kuma bayani - by sanyi, shi aka bari a zabin ko canji na abun da ke ciki ko kuma halaye na da bayani aka gyara. Bugu da ari kayayyakin ne batun da za a duba kowane watanni shida. Idan a taron na ba-sharadi cak zai nuna har zuwa yanzu misali, dukan yawa da aka ƙaryata.

Abin da ya kamata a dauke a cikin takardun da dukiya?

Takardun da bauta a matsayin hujja da ingancin kayayyakin da izini wakilin manufacturer da alhakin fasaha iko, da wadannan bayanai ya kamata a rubuta kowace kalma daga:

- sunan da adireshin da manufacturer, ainihin ranar da lokaci ne na shiri daga cikin cakuda.

- iri na bayani.

- irin wani m.

- da adadin kayan da motsi.

- sunan da adadin sinadaran Additives.

- wani tunani da misali, da cewa shi ne mai garanti na yarda da shirye-da-ci samfurin bayanan fasaha.

Idan amfani da porous aggregates, kara gyarawa da talakawan yawa a cikin bushe jihar. Don da bushe cakuda wani hadawa wajabta adadin, don haka da cewa cakuda ya samu da ake so motsi. Har ila yau takardun kamata tabbatar da shiryayye rai daga cikin cakuda a bushe jihar, wanda aka lasafta daga ranar shiri kafin zuwa ranar shida.

Shari turmi garwayayye

Lokacin da jigilar turmi da muhimmanci a kauce wa asarar ciminti madara. Halatta kai kayayyaki ta hanya, kazalika da buckets (hoppers) da inji kuma a kan jirgin dandamali. A wannan yanayin da yawan zafin jiki ya kamata a bari hawa turmi, wanda aka gyarawa da baftisma fasaha ma'aunin zafi da sanyio zuwa zurfin 5 cm.

A bushe turmi garwayayye suna hawa zuwa ciminti truck, ganga ko kunsasshen zuwa 40 kg (wrapping takarda) da kuma har zuwa 8 kg (roba shiryawa). A cikin takardar shari bags dauki a kan katako, pallets, a polyethylene - by stacking bags tare da cakuda a dace kwantena. Store cakuda a cikin jaka da aka yarda a zazzabi of 5 ° C a rufaffiyar bushe dakin. Bayan shari turmi cakuda ne sallami cikin mahautsini ko wasu jirgin ruwa.

A amfani da rokoki

Bigiren rokoki bambance bambancen. Yi concretes da kuma rokoki ga ciminti m matsayin tsarin abu ne yadu rare a cikin zaman kansa kazalika a yi masana'antu a gina m m kwasfanta, a kwance, a tsaye, karkata Tsarin, constructions, overlaps, a lokacin da overhauling, gyara, maimaitawa da kuma sabuntawan .

An yi imani da cewa a cikin shiri na dutse gine-gine na gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu rokoki kai kwata daga cikin jimlar girma daga cikin tsarin. Da yawa daga cikinmu sun taba saya lemun tsami, gypsum, gauraye rokoki ga plastering ganuwar a Apartments, ko masu zaman kansu gidaje (abin da ake kira kammala qagaggun). Har ila yau, wani yana sayan masonry mafita ga taron jama'a aiki, cladding, dutse masonry, mai tsaurin. Yanzu za ka iya samun kan turmi yi kasuwar (Gost 28013), mallaka m thermal rufi Properties, sauti sha, zafi da wuta juriya.