Faye hali da kuma Nau'in alluran

Alurar (definition, rarrabuwa da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin) ne immunological jamiái amfani da aiki immunization (in ba haka ba - to samar da aiki rigakafi resistant kwayoyin zuwa takamaiman pathogen). WHO kammala lamba - mafi kyau Hanyar rigakafin cututtuka pathologies. Saboda ta high dace, da sauki daga cikin hanya, da yiwuwar wani m ɗaukar hoto na yawan da za a alurar riga kafi su hana wani taro na pathologies, immunoprophylaxis a kasashe da dama classified a matsayin gwamnatin fifiko.

lamba

Alurar riga kafi - musamman m matakan kare yaro ko adult daga wasu pathologies gaba daya, ko rage su bayyanar a cikin taron.

A irin wannan sakamako aka samu da "horo" tsarin na rigakafi. Lokacin gudanar da miyagun ƙwayoyi kwayoyin (ko kuma wajen da rigakafi da tsarin) zuwa yãƙi kamuwa da cuta da kuma artificially gabatar "ya ambaci" ta. Lokacin da sake kamuwa da cuta rigakafi da aka kunna yawa fiye da sauri da kuma gaba daya ya halaka waje jamiái.

Jerin ayyukan da lamba hada da:

• selection na mutane da za a alurar riga kafi.
• miyagun ƙwayoyi selection.
• siffata kewaye da maganin.
• sarrafa yadda ya dace.
• far (idan ya cancanta) da m rikitarwa da kuma pathological halayen.

alurar riga kafi Hanyar

• Intradermal. An misali ne BCG. A gabatarwar da wani live maganin samar a cikin kafada (m uku na shi). A irin wannan hanya kuma yi amfani da su hana tularemia, annoba, brucellosis, Anthrax, Q zazzabi.
• Na baka. Amfani da su hana cutar shan inna da kuma ciwon hauka. A kan matakai na raya kasa na baka jamiái da mura, kyanda, typhoid zazzabi, meningococcal kamuwa da cuta.
• Subcutaneous. A wannan hanya, da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba a adsorbed da aka gabatar a cikin ko dai undercut kafada (matsanancin surface tsakanin tsakiyar da kuma babba daga kashi uku ɗin kafada) yankin. Abũbuwan amfãni: low allergenicity, sauƙi na gwamnati, da karko na rigakafi (gida da janar).
• Aerosol. Yana amfani da gaggawa allurar rigakafi. Shin tasiri sosai aerosol anti-brucellosis, mura, tularemia, diphtheria, Anthrax miki, whooping tari, da annoba, rubella, gas gangrene, da tarin fuka, tetanus, typhus, typhoid, botulism, dysentery, mumps B.
• Intramuscular. Samar a cinya tsokoki (da sama na perednenaruzhnuyu quadriceps cinya tsoka). Alal misali, DTP.

Modern alluran rarrabuwa

Akwai da dama ƙungiyoyin alurar.

1. The rarrabuwa yana nufin daidai da wani ƙarni, a:

• 1 ƙarni (corpuscular maganin). Bi da bi, ya kasu kashi attenuated (raunana rai) da kuma inactivated (kashe) na nufin;
• 2nd tsara: subunit (sinadaran) da kuma detoxified exotoxins (toxoids).
• 3 buga tsara recombinant alluran da hepatitis B recombinant maganin da kuma ciwon hauka.
• Generation 4 (ba kunshe a cikin yi), da aka wakilta plasmid DNA, roba peptides, shuka magani, alluran da cewa dauke da MHC kayayyakin da idiotypic far.

2. Nau'in alluran (ilimin da ya raba su a cikin da dama azuzuwan) asali. By asalin alluran kasu kashi:

• rai, da sanya rai, amma attenuated micro-kwayoyin.
• kashe halitta a kan tushen da inactivated kwayoyin ta hanyoyi dabam dabam.
• sinadaran asalin alluran (a kan tushe na sosai tsarkake antigens).
• alluran cewa an halicci da taimakon biotechnological hanyoyin, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi:

- roba alluran dangane oligosaccharides da oligopeptides.

- DNA alluran.

- genetically Kamfanin maganin halitta a kan tushen da kayayyakin sakamakon kira na recombinant tsarin.

3. A daidai da mambobi na Ar kwayoyi, alluran akwai wadannan rarrabuwa (Ina nufin, kamar yadda Ar a alurar iya zama ba):

• dukan da ake dasu sel (inactivated ko rayuwa).
• mutum aka gyara na da ake dasu sel (mafi m Ar).
• da ake dasu gubobi.
• ta synthetically Ag germs.
• Ar cewa samu ta hanyar kwayoyin injiniya dabaru.

Dangane da ikon ci gaba rigakafi zuwa dama ko daya wakili:

• monovalent.
• polio.

Nau'in alluran a yarda da wani sa na Ar:

• bangaren.
• corpuscular.

live alluran

Domin yi irin wannan alluran anfani da attenuated damuwa na dauke da kwayar cutar jamiái. Irin wannan alluran da immunogenic Properties, amma da ya faru na bayyanar cututtuka na cuta a lokacin rigakafin da aka yawanci ba sa.

A sakamakon shigar azzakari cikin farji daga cikin live maganin cikin jiki ne kafa resistant cell, a secretory, humoral rigakafi.

Ribobi da fursunoni

A abũbuwan amfãni da wani live maganin (rarrabuwa, aikace-aikace tattauna a wannan talifin):

• A m sashi.
• da yiwuwar hanyoyi daban-daban na lamba;
• m runningaway rigakafi.
• high dace.
• low farashin.
• da immunogenicity daga cikin mafi halitta.
• hada da babu magungunan adana.
• ƙarƙashin rinjayar da irin wannan alluran kunna iri daban-daban na rigakafi.

Korau gefen:

• idan akwai wani raunana na rigakafi da tsarin a cikin wani haƙuri a lokacin gudanar live maganin iya ci gaba da cutar.
• wani maganin da irin wannan ne musamman kula da yawan zafin jiki, don haka gabatarwar "bataccen" live maganin ci gaba m halayen ko maganin hasarar da kaddarorin.
• rashin hada wadannan alluran da sauran maganin shirye-shirye, a cikin ra'ayi na m events ko asarar warkewa inganci.

Nau'in live alluran

Wadannan iri live alluran:

• Attenuated (raunana) maganin shirye-shirye. Suna samar daga damuwa da cewa sun rage pathogenicity, amma furta immunogenicity. Lokacin gudanar maganin iri a cikin jiki tasowa kama kamuwa da cuta: infective jamiái haifa, game da shi haddasa samuwar rigakafi martani. Daga cikin mafi kyau da aka sani da irin wannan maganin shirye-shirye domin rigakafin typhoid zazzabi, sores, Anthrax, Q zazzabi da kuma brucellosis. Amma duk da haka da girma da live alluran - antiviral kwayoyi daga adenoviral cututtuka, rawaya zazzabi, mumps, Sabin maganin (polio), rubella, kyanda, mura;
• Alurar ne bamban. Suna sanya a kan tushen da alaka da damuwa na dauke da kwayar cutar pathologies. Wadannan antigens tsokane wani rigakafi martani da cewa haye directional pathogen antigens. Misalai na irin wannan alluran ne wani maganin prophylaxis da smallpox irin abu da aka yi a kan tushen da smallpox cutar vaccinia da BCG, a kan tushen da mycobacteria cewa sa Bovine da tarin fuka.

mura alurar

A mafi inganci rigakafin mura alurar amfani. Su ne nazarin halittu da kwayoyi da cewa samar da bayyanar gajere jure mura ƙwayoyin cuta.

Alamomi ga irin alurar riga kafi ne:

• shekaru 60 da shekaru da mazan.
• kullum bronchopulmonary ko cututtukan zuciya.
• ciki (2-3 awo).
• sandarsa, dakunan shan magani da kuma asibitoci.
• mutane har abada zaune a cikin rufaffiyar collectives (gidajen yarin, dormitories, reno gidajensu, kuma haka a).
• marasa lafiya a kan tsit ko ambulatory magani da cewa suna da gemoglabinopatii, na rigakafi da danniya, cutar hanta, koda da kuma na rayuwa cuta.

jinsunan

Nau'in mura alurar hada da wadannan kungiyoyin:

1. Live maganin.
2. Inactivated maganin:

• dukan cutar alurar. Da suka hada da undefeated sosai tsarkake inactivated virions.
• rascheplennye (tsaga alluran). Ga misali: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". Yana dogara ne a kan lalace mura virions (duk sunadaran da cutar).

• subunit maganin ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") an hada da biyu kwayar surface sunadarai, haemagglutinin da neuraminidase tabbatar da shigar da wani rigakafi da martani tare da mura. Sauran sunadarai na virion, da kuma chick tayi ne ba ya nan tun shafe a lokacin tsarkakewa.