Gidun gyaran gyare-gyare masu ƙarfafa: girma, GOST, alama. Abubuwan da suka dace da kankare

An yi amfani da takaddama mai zurfi a cikin fasahar zamani. Matsalar tana da halin ƙarfin gaske, tsayayya da rinjaye na waje, durability. Lokacin gina gine-gine daga wasu kayan aiki (tubali, cinder block, tsabtace tsararru), ya zama wajibi don toshe ƙofar da taga. Ga waɗannan dalilai, ana amfani da nau'ikan nau'i na musamman na kayan ƙera kayan aiki - jumper.

Sanarwa

Jumpers suna karfafa kankare bim, dangane da masonry ganuwar da yada su zuwa ga kaya na overlying masonry sama da bude da kuma overlaps. Ganin haka, jumper ya ƙunshi cage ƙarfafa da kuma nauyi mai wuya. A aikace, ana amfani da samfurori masu ƙarfafa kayan aiki na masana'antu da masana'antu na masana'antu a kan shafin. A wannan yanayin, alamomi na kayayyakin da aka yi amfani da su da kuma yankin goyon bayansu ya kamata a ƙayyade ta hanyar lissafin la'akari da kayan da aka tattara.

Tsarin

Babban sigogin kayan samfurori da GOST ya ƙaddara sun ƙaddara su "Masu tsalle-tsalle masu ƙarfafa don gina gine-ginen da tubali". Wannan daidaitattun yana nuna ƙaddamarwa, samfurori, girma da kuma halaye. Jumpers suna raba zuwa:

• PB - Bar, yana da nisa har zuwa 250 mm.
• PP - farantin, tare da nisa daga tushe daga 250 mm.
• PG - girder, kwata kwata a sashe.
• PF - facade, don budewa tare da kwata tare da Layer na ɓangaren fili na mason daga 250 mm.

Wani sashi na takardun aiki na aiki - 1.038.1-1, ciki har da zane-zane aka tsara domin samar da samfurori na asali.

Ginin

Ƙarfin ƙarfafawa na jumper yana samar da ƙarfinsa. Ya ƙunshi ƙarfafawa da haɗuwa. Sharuɗɗa na samar da amfani da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci da marasa tausayi. Ƙididdigar da ma'auni na sanduna an ƙayyade ta lissafi ko ta daidaitattun kayayyaki.

A lokacin da aka tanada gadoji suna amfani da kaya mai yawa da nau'in kilo 2200-2500 / m3. Ƙarfin da ake buƙata na ƙwararren an ƙaddara ta lissafi, da alama ga ruwa da kuma damuwa da juriya - la'akari da yanayin.

Don tashiwa a cikin gine-gine, ana yin ramuka ko yin waƙa, kamar yadda GOST ya buƙaci. Kankare spandrel bim iya samar daga bawul din kantuna don yi a girgizar kasa zones.

Ana nuna alamar masu tsalle-tsalle a cikin kasuwanni a teburin GOST 948-84. Standard bayar blockboard gada PB a tsawon daga 1030 zuwa 5950 mm Free na tashin hankali ko prestressing ƙarfafa. An rarraba sashi zuwa ƙungiyoyi 10 - daga 125 x 65 (h) mm zuwa 250 x 290 (h) mm.

Filaye masu tsalle-tsalle PP suna samuwa a cikin tsawon daga 1160 zuwa 2980 mm tare da tashin hankali ko ƙarfafawa. Sashen giciye ya kunshi kasashe 10 - daga 380 x 65 (h) mm zuwa 510 x 220 (h) mm.

Kusa da kashi huɗu na nau'in PG ne kawai aka ba su tare da ƙarfin ƙarfafawa daga tsawon lokaci daga 1550 zuwa 5960 mm. Akwai 8 bambance-bambancen sassa - daga 250 х 290 (h) mm zuwa 510 х 440 (h) mm.

Gilashin facade na PF an yi su ne daga 770 mm zuwa 4280 mm cikin tsawon tare da ɓangaren ɓangaren kungiyoyi takwas - daga 90 x 90 (h) mm zuwa 290 x 90 (h) mm.

Dama

Jerin samfurori na kunshe da ƙungiyoyi biyu ko uku kuma suna haɓaka hanyoyin haɗin ginin ƙarfafa: ƙarfin, ƙarfin hali, ɓangaren giciye da sauransu.
Ƙungiyar farko ta fara tare da siffar da ke ƙayyade ɓangaren (bisa ga tebur), sunan haruffa da tsawonsa, aka bayyana a cikin centimeters. Alal misali, 8PB25 - hade da gada, sashe na lamba 8 daga tebur na GOST 948-84, tsawon - 2460 mm.

Na biyu kungiyar ƙunshi da talakawan canja kaya (kN / m), ƙarfafa aji.
Alal misali, 71-AtV: load 70.61 kN / m da kayan AT-V.

Na uku kungiyar ƙunshi da lakabtawa bayanai game da al'amurran da suka shafi samuwar ƙarfafa saka sassa na dagawa madaukai, kazalika da daban-daban halaye dangane da waje yanayi.

Ƙarin alamar amfani da alamomi:

• "А" - mahimman kayan haɓaka don shigar da shingen baranda;
• "N" - stitching madaukai;
• "C" - don wurare masu hadari a yanki 7 points;
• "P" yana da mahimmanci na karuwa, ko kuma "O" yana da mahimmanci.

Cikakken rubutu na ƙarfafa masu tsalle-tsalle suna iya kama da wannan:
10PB21-27-up - wani mashaya tare da ɓangaren sashi na 2070 mm, sashe na lamba 10, nauyin da aka ba da kyauta na 27.26 kN / m, tare da ƙyama madaukai da kuma kayan haɗi don shigar da shingen baranda.

Warming

Ganuwar waje na gida dole ne ya samar da kariya ta yanayin zafi wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sharuɗan. Wannan matakin ne halin da zafi canja wuri juriya. Mafi girma shi ne, mafi girma da kariya ta wutar lantarki na ginin, kuma, daidai, ƙananan amfani da zafin rana da farashin wutar. Abin takaici, ƙarfafa mai ƙarfafa shi ne mai jagorancin zafi mai kyau. Lintel kafa a kan garun surface na thermally conductive inclusions - sanyi gadoji. Suna kai ba kawai don ƙarin hasara mai zafi ba, amma har ma a yawancin lokuta zuwa asarar dew. Don kauce wa wannan mummunar tasiri, dole ne a rufe masu tsalle. Idan ginin yana da ƙarin rufi ta wurin tsarin facade ko kuma ta hanyar "fasahar rigakafi" - babu tambayoyi. Amma idan ganuwar ganuwar baya buƙatar ƙarin rufi, to, ana sa masu tsalle su tare da ƙuƙwalwa daga farfajiya na bango. A cikin wannan haɓaka shigar da linzami daga isasshen tasiri (alal misali, ulu na gas) kuma ya rufe tare da filastar ko sauran kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin jirgin sama.

Zaɓin alamar jumper

Don zaɓin daidai na alamar jumper, ban da aikin, yana da muhimmanci don ƙayyade ikon ƙarfin hali. Ana nuna nauyin haɗakar da samfurin samfurin kowane alama a cikin Jihar Standard "Masu tsalle-tsalle-tsalle". Bayan tattara abubuwa da kuma ƙayyade tsawon lokacin, zaka iya amfani da Tables na jerin 1.038.1-1, inda aka kwatanta kowane alamar: ƙayyadaddun lokacin, tsawon goyon bayan da kaya. Zaɓin gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare, masu girma da kuma ɓangaren giciye, yana da muhimmanci a la'akari da ƙaddamarwar haɗari na yanki.

Ƙididdigewa na jumper

Gada ita ce tsarin gine-gine na gine-gine, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da lissafi ta hanyar gwani da ilimi da kwarewa. Duk da haka, don ƙananan ayyuka ana iya yiwuwa a zabi masu tsalle-tsalle masu tsalle-tsalle a kansu. Girman samfurori sun ƙaddara da SNiP "Ginannun Dutse". Wajibi ne a lissafin tsawo na mason a kan jumper kuma kwatanta shi tare da lakabin lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi. Idan tsawo na mason ya fi girma lokacin ƙididdigar, to, ba'a buƙatar goyon bayan gada. Yana da sauƙi a bayyana: a wani tsawo, bangon sama da bude yana da isasshen ƙarfin hali, to, ba'a bukatar taimako daga gare shi. Sanin takamaiman nauyin masallacin, yana da sauƙi don ƙayyade ma'anar lintel. An ba da nauyin kwarewar kayan kayan gargajiya mafi kyau:

• Brickwork - 1400-1900 kg / m3;
• Tsarin kumfa - 900-1400 kg / m3;
• Tsare-tsaren tsage-tsaren - 400-1200 kg / m3.

Wajibi ne muyi la'akari da yawan kayan kayan kayan masana'antu na masana'antun.

Jumper Mounting

Ba'a iya ɗaukar kayan aiki na ƙofar kofa tare da tsawon tsawon mita biyu ba tare da izini ba, fiye da mita biyu - tare da yin amfani da hanyoyin haɓakawa. Rahoton tallafi ne wanda aka karɓa don jerin, amma yawanci ba a kasa da 200 mm a cikin sassan ba kuma akalla 250 mm a cikin ganuwar. Ana saka takalma ta matakin.

Dole ne a shigar da kayan haɗin ginin da aka gina don gyaran tubalin a kan mashin, kuma an ƙarfafa su tare da grids. Don cika dukan kauri daga bango na jumper saita kunshin da dama guda. Wadannan samfurori ba dole ba su wuce fiye da tasirin ganuwar. Lokacin shigar da masu tsalle-tsalle, dole ne ku bi tsarin aikin su. Ba za ku iya daidaita masu tsalle ba tare da tsinkayyar tsaftacewa, saboda ƙarfafawarsu ba ta da kyau kuma an ƙidaya domin tsawon lokacin da aka nuna a cikin samfurin.

Masu tsalle-tsalle

A cikin shari'ar da ba za a iya sadar da cikakke kayayyakin da aka karfafa don gina gine-ginen ba, za a iya sarrafa su kai tsaye a kan shafin.
Yawancin lokaci yana da muhimmanci don samar da katako na girman da ya dace daga katako. Zai dace idan an tsara nauyin tsari don yin samfurori da yawa a lokaci guda. Daga ƙarfafawa, an yi firam, an yi amfani da tsayi mai tsawo da diamita na 12-14 mm, rabi mai zurfi shine 4-6 mm. Don ƙarfafawa na tsawon lokaci, an sanya sandunan a matakan biyu, an ƙarfafa ƙarfin gwiwar zuwa matakan 3/4 tsawo na labarin. A tsawon lokaci na 1/6 na tsawon tsawon lokaci daga yankin goyan bayan, an rage girman ƙarfin gefe. Don manyan gadoji, wajibi ne a saka sauti. A yayin da ake yin filatin, ana amfani dashi ko yin amfani da waya.

An shigar da hoton da aka haɗa a cikin tsari. Don ƙirƙirar Layer Layer na kankare, an ƙarfafa ƙarfafawa ta hanyar amfani da filastik na "rack" ko "stool" type. Sa'an nan kuma an gina nau'in tsari tare da nauyin haɗari tare da ƙarfafawa ta hanyar faɗakarwa. Bayan dafa ruwa mai karfi da kuma taga dole ne a kiyaye shi akalla kwanaki 24 don karfafawa.

Samar da masu tsalle a cikin lokaci

A cikin gine-gine masu zaman kansu, sau da yawa, ƙila za a iya yin amfani da sintels na gyare-gyare don budewa a kan shafin. Wannan hanya ba fasaha ba ce, amma bazai buƙatar hawa da shigarwa, wanda yake da matukar dacewa ba tare da samfurori masu tasowa ba. Lokacin da aka saka kai tsaye a kan bango, zai yiwu a yi gyare-gyare masu ƙarfafa.

Girman wannan nau'i an ƙaddara ta hanyar zane mutum. Kafin simintin gyare-gyare, ana amfani da makaman bango ga alamar da aka buƙata. Ana sanya takaddun talla ta hanyar ƙaddamar da ƙaddarar ta hanyar kafa. Daga katako a buɗe an shigar da takarda. Ƙananan ɓangaren kayan aikin an yi shi ne daga matukar ɗakunan jirgi da kuma ƙarfafa tare da goyan baya. An zaɓi mataki da giciye na goyon baya bisa ga tsawon tsawon lokacin da nauyin gada, yana ɗaukar nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyi 2500 kg / m3. Ana tallafa wa ɗayan juna da kuma gina ganuwar. Lintels na takaddama masu ƙarfafa suna buƙatar kashi ɗaya daga cikin huɗu na tsari don shigar da sakin window.

Sau da yawa a cikin gine-ginen gidaje daga tubalan masu sayarwa na kayan kayan ado suna samar da nau'i na musamman na U. Suna dacewa da goyon bayan a bude kuma suna aiki a matsayin tsari mai mahimmanci. Wadannan abubuwa suna da kauri na kwalliya a cikin mashin kuma ba su ɓoye gada a kan shinge mai bango ba.

An saka maƙallan ƙarfafa a cikin tsari, ba a buƙatar madaurin shigarwa a wannan yanayin. Sa'an nan kuma an zana kayan aiki tare da nau'i mai nauyi, ta kwatanta shi da tampers na vibration. An bar jumper da aka cika don kwanaki 24, bayan haka an rarraba aikin.