Human gidajen abinci. Nau'in na mutum gidajen abinci

Human kashi ne don haka da wuya cewa shi ne iya yin tsayayya game da dubu 10 kilo, amma idan wani kwarangwal hada da daya kawai m kashi, mu motsi ba zai yiwu ba. Nature ya warware wannan matsala ta hanyar kawai rarraba kwarangwal na da yawa ƙasũsuwa da gidajen abinci ne ake halittawa - wani wuri inda ƙasusuwan hadu.

mutum gidajen abinci yi quite wani muhimmin aiki. Godiya a gare su, kasusuwa, guringuntsi hakora da kuma na jiki suna shiga zuwa juna.

Nau'in na mutum gidajen abinci

Su za a iya classified cikin sharuddan aiki:

Hadin gwiwa da cewa ya hana motsi, da aka sani da synarthrosis. Sutures kwanyar da gomfos (soedininenie hakora kwanyar) ne misalai synarthrosis. A sadarwa tsakanin ƙasũsuwa kira da syndesmosis tsakanin guringuntsi - sinhordrozami, kashi - sintostozami. Synarthrosis kafa via connective nama.

Amphiarthrosis damar da kananan yunkuri na hadin gwiwa ƙasũsuwa. Misalai amphiarthrosis ne intervertebral fayafai da pubic symphysis.

The uku aikin aji - svobodnopodvizhnye diarthrosis. Bã su da mafi girma da kewayon motsi. Misalai: magincirõri, gwiwoyi, kafadu da wuyan hannaye. Kusan ko da yaushe yana cikin synovial gidajen abinci.

mutum kwarangwal gidajen abinci kuma za a iya classified da su tsarin (da littattafai na, wanda ake hada):

Fibrous gidajen abinci an hada da m collagen zaruruwa. Wadannan su ne gidajen abinci na kwanyar da hadin gwiwa da ta haɗu da ulna da radius daga hannu da dantse tare.

Cartilaginous gidajen abinci an hada da mutum guringuntsi wanda daura da ƙasũsuwa tare. Misalai na irin wannan mahadi gidajen abinci tsakanin hakarkarinsa da haƙarƙari guringuntsi, da kuma tsakanin intervertebral woje.

Mafi na kowa da irin - synovial hadin gwiwa - sarari mai cike da ruwa tsakanin iyakar ƙasũsuwa linkable. An kewaye da wani m kwantena na m connective nama, ta rufe synovial membrane. A synovial membrane, wanda aka hada da wani kwantena, synovial ruwa samar da wani mai, wanda aiki - don sa mai da hadin gwiwa, Munã rage gogayya da kuma sa.

Akwai da dama azuzuwan na synovial gidajen abinci, misali, ellipsoidal, ginglymoid, sirdi-dimbin yawa da kuma siffar zobe.

Ellipsoidal gidajen abinci juna m kashi da damar da su zuwa glide da juna a wani shugabanci.

Trochlear gidajen abinci, kamar gwiwar hannu da gwiwa na da mutum rage motsi a daya shugabanci kawai don haka da cewa kwana tsakanin ƙasũsuwa iya kara ko rage. Limited motsi a cikin gidajen abinci ginglymoid samar da karin iko da ƙarfi da kasũsuwa, ashe, tsokoki da kuma jijiyoyin.

Sirdi gidajen abinci, kamar tsakanin farko metacarpal kashi da trapezoid kashi, ba da damar zuwa juya ƙasusuwan a 360 digiri.

Hanya kuma hip mutum - kawai siffar zobe gidajen abinci a cikin jiki. Bã su da free kewayon motsi, su ne kawai wadanda da za su iya juya ta axis. Duk da haka, da rashin siffar zobe gidajen abinci ne cewa free kewayon motsi da ke sa su more mai saukin kamuwa zuwa sāke wuri, fiye da kasa mobile mutum gidajen abinci. A wadannan wurare akwai sau da yawa karye.

Wasu iri mutum synovial gidajen abinci dole ne a dauke dabam.

ginglymoid hadin gwiwa

Trochlear gidajen abinci ne synovial aji. Wannan idon, gwiwa da gwiwar hannu mutumin. Yawancin lokaci ginglymoid hadin gwiwa - wani gungu na biyu ko fiye da kasũsuwa, ashe, inda za su iya kawai motsa a daya axis tanƙwara, ko daidaita.

A mafi sauki trochlear gidajen abinci a cikin jiki - interphalangeal, su ne tsakanin phalanges na yatsunsu da yatsun kafa.

Tun da ofishin kadan nauyi da kuma inji ƙarfi, suka kunshi guda abu da kankanin synovial ƙarin harsuna ta igiya domin ƙarfafa. Kowane kashi rufe tare da m bakin ciki Layer da hyaline guringuntsi, da nufin rage gogayya a gidajen abinci. Kasusuwa suna ma kewaye da wani m kwantena na fibrous connective nama, ta rufe synovial membrane.

A tsarin da mutum gidajen abinci ne ko da yaushe daban-daban. Alal misali, gwiwar hannu hadin gwiwa ne mafi hadaddun kafa tsakanin humerus, radius da ulna ƙashi na daga hannu da dantse. Elbow hõre wani karin nauyi a ɗora Kwatancen fiye da gidajen abinci na yatsunsu da yatsun kafa, saboda haka shi ya ƙunshi da dama da karfi jijiyoyin da sauran musamman Tsarin kasusuwan wanda karfafa da tsarin.

Ulnar da radial jijiyoyin taimaka ci gaba related ulna da radius da kuma karfafa gidajen abinci. Kafafu kuma kunshi dama manyan trochlear gidajen abinci.

Irin wannan gwiwar hannu mahadin idon sawun da aka located tsakanin manyan da kananan tibia ƙasũsuwa a cikin ƙananan kafar da talus kashi a cikin kafa. Branches high tibia fibula aka kafa a kusa da fitar kasusuwan jikinsu talus Ramin rage motsi na kafa tare da daya axis. Hudu ƙarin daure, ciki har da deltoid, acikin sarƙa ƙasũsuwa da, karfafa hadin gwiwa, don kula da jiki nauyi.

Dake tsakanin cinya da kafa tibia da fibula tibia, gwiwa hadin gwiwa - mafi girma mafi hadaddun ginglymoid hadin gwiwa a jikin mutum.

Elbow da idon haltta ne irin wannan, suna mafi sau da yawa fallasa su osteoarthritis.

ellipsoidal gidajen abinci

Ellipsoidal hadin gwiwa, kuma aka sani da lebur, shi ne ya fi kowa nau'i na synovial gidajen abinci. Suna kafa a kusa da kashi, tare da mai santsi ko kusan m surface. Wadannan gidajen abinci taimaka ƙasusuwan don slide a wani shugabanci - sama da kasa, hagu da dama, diagonally.

Saboda da tsarin ellipsoidal m gidajen abinci, da kuma da motsi aka iyakance (ga hana raunin). Ellipsoidal gidajen abinci an rufe sinovalnoy membrane cewa samar m cewa da hidima ga sa mai da hadin gwiwa.

Mai ellipsoidal gidajen abinci ne a cikin appendicular kwarangwal tsakanin carpal ƙashi na daga cikin wuyan hannu, tsakanin wuyan hannu hadin gwiwa da kuma hannun metacarpal ƙasũsuwa tsakanin idon ƙasũsuwa.

Wani rukuni na ellipsoidal gidajen abinci dake tsakanin fuskoki na ashirin da shida vertebrae a intervertebral gidajen abinci. Wadannan sadarwa ƙyale mu mu ninka, bayyana da kuma juya cikin jiki, yayin da rike da ƙarfi daga cikin kashin baya cewa, goyon bayan da nauyi na jiki da kuma kare laka.

condylar gidajen abinci

Akwai raba irin ellipsoidal gidajen abinci - condylar hadin gwiwa. Yana za a iya gani a tsaka-tsakin sifa daga trochlear hadin gwiwa irin da ellipsoid. Daga trochlear hadin gwiwa condylar halin da manyan bambance-bambance a cikin siffar da size da ma'abota saman, sakamakon wani yiwu motsi a kusa da gatari biyu. Daga ellipsoidal hadin gwiwa condylar articular shugabannin da dama daban-daban.

sirdi hadin gwiwa

Sirdi hadin gwiwa ne da wani irin synovial gidajen abinci, inda daya daga cikin kashi ne dimbin yawa kamar wani sirdi da sauran kashi da yake a kan shi, a matsayin mahayin a kan wani doki.

Sirdi gidajen abinci mafi m fiye da siffar zobe ko ellipsoidal.

Misali mafi kyau na wani sirdi hadin gwiwa jiki ne carpometacarpal hadin gwiwa na da yatsa, wanda aka kafa tsakanin trapezoid kashi da farko metacarpal kashi. A cikin wannan misali, da trapezoid Forms da taso wurin zama, a kan abin da na farko metacarpal kashi zaune. Carpometacarpal hadin gwiwa damar da manyan adam yatsa ne sauki inganta tare da sauran hudu yatsunsu na hannu. Yatsa, ba shakka, musamman da muhimmanci a gare mu kamar yadda shi damar da mu hannunka da tabbaci fahimci abubuwa da kuma amfani da yawa daga cikin kayayyakin aiki.

arthrodia

Ball gidajen abinci ne na musamman aji na synovial gidajen abinci wanda dole ne mafi girma da 'yancin motsi a cikin jiki saboda su musamman tsarin. Hip hadin gwiwa da kafada hadin gwiwa ne kawai mutum mai siffar zobe a cikin jikin mutum.

The biyu babban aka gyara daga siffar zobe hadin gwiwa: kashi tare da wani mai siffar zobe shugaban da kuma wani kashi da kofin-dimbin yawa sako. La'akari da kafada hadin gwiwa. mutum ilmin jikin mutum shi ne irin wannan cewa siffar zobe shugaban na humerus (babba hannu kashi) daidai a cikin hadin gwiwa rami na ruwa. Glenoid rami - shi ne mai kananan da kuma m Aljihuna, godiya ga wanda kafada hadin gwiwa mafi girma da kewayon motsi a cikin jikin mutum. An kewaye da wani zobe na hyaline guringuntsi, wanda suke m, karfi da kasũsuwa, ashe, yayin da tsokoki - rotator cuff - rike da humerus a cikin kogo.

A hip hadin gwiwa ne dan kadan kasa mobile fiye da kafada, amma shi ne karfi kuma mafi barga hadin gwiwa. Ƙarin hip kwanciyar hankali dole yin tsayayya da jiki nauyi a kan kafafu ta hanyar aikata ayyuka kamar tafiya, jogging da sauransu. D.

A hip hadin gwiwa taso keya, kusan mai siffar zobe shugaban na femur (cinya kashi) m ga acetabulum, mai zurfi sako a cikin pelvic kashi. Popular mai yawan m jijiyoyin da karfi tsokoki rike da femoral kai a wurin da kuma tsayayya da karfi tashin hankali a cikin jiki. Acetabulum da kuma hana sāke wuri na hip, kashi ƙuntata motsi a cikin shi.

Bisa na sama, za ka iya yin kananan tebur. A tsarin da mutum gidajen abinci sun hada da shi ba zai. Saboda haka, a cikin na farko shafi na tebur kayyade hadin gwiwa irin, na biyu da na uku - misalai da su wurare, bi da bi.

Human gidajen abinci: tebur

hadin gwiwa irin	misalai na gidajen abinci	inda suke
ginglymoid	Gwiwa, gwiwar hannu, idon. Anatomy of wasu daga cikinsu ne da aka ba a kasa.	Gwiwa - tsakanin femoral, tibial da patella ƙasũsuwa, ulnar - tsakanin humerus, ulna da radius. idon - tsakanin tibia da ƙafa.
ellipsoidal	Intervertebral gidajen abinci. gidajen abinci tsakanin phalanges.	Tsakanin fuskoki na vertebrae. tsakanin phalanges na yatsun kafa da hannuwa.
globular	Hip da kafada gidajen abinci. Human haltta yana biya irin wannan hadin gwiwa da hankali.	Tsakanin femur da pelvic kashi. tsakanin humerus da scapula.
sirdi-siffa	Carpometacarpal.	Tsakanin trapezoid kashi da farko metacarpal kashi.

Don yin shi bayarda abin da ya ƙunshi mutum gidajen abinci, bayyana wasu more daga gare su.

gwiwar hannu

Magincirõri mutum ilmin jikin mutum wanda ya riga aka ambata, ya bukatar kulawa ta musamman.

Elbow - daya daga cikin mafi rikitarwa gidajen abinci na jikin mutum. An kafa tsakanin distal ƙarshen humerus (more daidai, ta articular saman - block da condyle), radiation da trochlear Clippings ulna da radial ƙasũsuwa articular kai da kuma ta periphery. Ya kunshi uku gidajen abinci a lokaci daya: brachioradialis, humeroulnar da proximal radioulnar.

Humeroulnar hadin gwiwa ne dake tsakanin trochlear daraja na ulna da block (da hadin gwiwa surface) na humerus. Wannan dangantaka da hadin gwiwa trochlear kuma shi ne uniaxial.

Brachioradialis condyle hadin gwiwa kafa tsakanin humerus da shugaban na humerus. Movement na hadin gwiwa da ake yi game da gatari biyu.

Promaksimalny radioulnar ta haɗu radial yankan ulna da hadin gwiwa karkara na radial kai. Ya kuma uniaxial.

A gwiwar hannu ba a kaikaice motsi. A general, an dauke a trochlear hadin gwiwa tare da wani helical siffar zamewa.

The most na sama na jiki suna dauke magincirõri. Kafafu kuma kunshi cikin gidajen abinci, wanda kawai ba zai iya gaya.

hip

Wannan hadin gwiwa ne dake tsakanin acetabulum na kafafuwa da kuma femur (ta kai).

Wannan shugaban da aka rufe hyaline guringuntsi kusan a ko'ina, sai dai da fovea. Acetabulum , ma, ya rufe tare da guringuntsi, amma kawai game da surface na lunate tare da saura rufe sinovalnoy membrane.

Domin hip hadin gwiwa ne irin daure: sciatic-femoral, iliac, femoral, pubic-femoral, madauwari yankin, kazalika da wani gungu na femoral kai.

Iliac-femoral jijiya fãra a kasa daga cikin agara m iliac kashi da ƙare a intertrochanteric line. Wannan jijiya ne da hannu a rike jiki a karkata zuwa ga gaskiya matsayi.

Next bunch sciatic-femoral, fara a ischial kashi kuma saka a cikin kwantena na hip hadin gwiwa.

Dan kadan mafi girma a saman da pubic kashi, zai fara pubic-femoral jijiya, wanda gudanar saukar zuwa hip hadin gwiwa kwantena.

A cikin hadin gwiwa da kanta ne a bunch na femoral kai. Fara shan shi a cikin gangara acetabular jijiya da kuma ƙare a ramin da femoral kai.

A madauwari yankin da aka kafa a cikin wani madauki: shi ne a haɗe zuwa ƙananan gaban da ilium da kuma kewaye wuyansa na femur.

Hip da kafada gidajen abinci ne kawai ball-dimbin yawa a jikin mutum.

gwiwa-hadin gwiwa

Wannan hadin gwiwa kunshi uku ƙasũsuwa: da patella, da distal ƙarshen femur da proximal ƙarshen tibia.

gwiwa hadin gwiwa kwantena a haɗe zuwa gefuna da tibial, femoral kashi da patella. Domin da femur ne a haɗe karkashin epicondyle. A ajali tibial articular surface a gefen, kuma shi ne a haɗe zuwa patella kwantena sabõda haka, da dukan gaban farfajiya na hadin gwiwa da aka located.

Daure na wannan hadin gwiwa za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu: vnekapsulnye da intracapsular. Har ila yau, a cikin hadin gwiwa akwai bangarorin biyu - tibial da fibular tabbaci jijiyoyin.

mahadin idon sawun

An kafa tare da taimakon da articular surface na talus da articular saman na distal iyakar da fibula da tibia.

Hadin gwiwa da kwantena kusan a ko'ina ne a haɗe zuwa gefen articular guringuntsi, kuma ya kauce daga gare shi ne kawai a kan gaban farfajiya na talus. A gefe saman na shi ne hadin gwiwa jijiyoyin.

A deltoid, ko tsakiya jijiya, kunshi dama sassa:

- na baya tibio-karo, da raya baki ne tsakanin tsakiya malleolus, kuma da tsakiya raya na talus.

- tibialis agara-karo, yana dake tsakanin gaban gefen kuma da tsakiya malleolus, kuma posteromedial surface na talus.

- tibio-diddige kashi kara daga tsakiya malleolus ga talus support.

- tibio-navicular part, shi fãra daga tsakiya malleolus, kuma ƙare a raya surface na da navicular kashi.

Next jijiya peroneal-calcaneal, kara daga matsanancin surface na kaikaice malleolus zuwa a kaikaice surface na wuyansa na talus.

Kusa da gaba da baya adana Talo-fibular jijiya - tsakanin gaban gefen kaikaice malleolus, kuma a kaikaice surface na wuyansa na talus.

Kuma karshe, baya Talo-fibular jijiya fãra a na baya gefe na kaikaice malleolus, kuma ƙare a kaikaice tubercle na talus tsari.

A general, mahadin idon sawun shi ne wani misali trochlear da helical motsi.

Saboda haka yanzu mun yi da wani ra'ayin abin da yake mutum gidajen abinci. Anatomy gidajen abinci wuya fiye da shi sauti, kuma za ka iya ganin kanka.