M Northrop B-2. M B-2: fasali da kuma hoto

Mystery B-2 (m) Yanã da wani babbar dama farillai, mythical tãtsunãyõyin furtawa. Menene wannan jirgin sama, idan muna magana game da abubuwan da suke gaskiya? American jirgin sama sarrafa ta tsara ta uku, na invisibility ga fiye da shekaru 15 da kuma, duk da labule da halin asiri a duniya bayanai filin data bayyana a kan fasaha da na'urorin da kuma halaye na winged kumbon sama jannati.

janar description

M B-2, wanda yake shi ne samfurin US soja masana'antu, tsara a matsayin wani jirgin sama tare da rage damar ganewa antiaircraft sojojin abokan gaba. Gaba daya ganuwa, shi ba ya zama, kamar yadda na musamman tracking tsarin sanin da radar fuska, amma ga talakawa tsaro shi ne ganuwa, bayar da shawara ta rayuwa a cikin yanayi na bom.

A m bayyanar da jirgin sama, wanda yayi kama da jirgin sama daga sci-fi movie. B-2 m Ruhu ya bayyana a cikin sama yadda wani runaway kada baki triangular profile view a cikin wannan ba shi da wani tsuntsu saucer, mĩƙe ba tare da wutsiya da fuselage.

Don a tabbatar da aiki da stealth yana amfani da m stealth fasahar:

• da matsanancin surface na wani jirgin sama da aka rufe da kayan da wani babban mataki na sha na igiyoyin rediyo.
• aiyuka tsarin zane aerodynamics "tashi reshe".
• Da tsare aka yi amfani da jet engine jet, da ESR darajar ne a cikin kewayon daga 0,0015 zuwa 0.1 murabba'in mita. m.

A babba fasali na jirgin sama tsarin

Samar B-2 m "Ruhu" a cikin nau'i na wani reshe, da makirci unshi da cikakken rashi na tsaye gyara na plumage. Kamar yadda jagora faranti lazimta a kansu rudders shigar a kawo karshen rabo daga fuka-fuki. Mafi yawa daga cikin ƙwanso da asali sassa aka sanya daga titanium da aluminum gami. Ƙarin kayan su polyamides, kuma carbon composites tare da high zafi juriya coefficient.

M B-2 Ruhu yana da wani hali kashi a cikin nau'i na titanium caisson, zubar a gaban rabin daga cikin gidaje da kuma mikawa, a tsaka-tsaki sassan. Aircraft fuka-fuki an sanya na carbon fiber. Monolithic panel titanium caisson sanya na 23 mm m. Fili sassa tare da waldi ko yadawa samar inganta roba gyare-gyaren.

siffar

Dalili na samuwar bayyanar shi ne wani tsarin na hudu petals, da kuma siffar da jirgin sama halitta 12 Lines. Wannan fi mai da hankali da tunani a cikin kwance jirgin sama da kuma a cikin wani karamin yawan tsakiyar sassa. The raya da kuma gaban frame layi daya ga juna housings, ta rufe, engine daki bude sash shirya don ƙirƙirar shasi 4 sassa babban nuni. Tare da gaba da raya hemispheres samu ta hanyar 2 sassa.

A frontal da kuma gefen view of a winged craft yana da wani jirage da kuma madaidaiciya Lines. A tushe daga cikin reshe tsarin da aka sanya, da rediyo kalaman absorbent. A gaban gefen rabo daga jirgin sama aka yi a wani m kwana zuwa 33º, da kuma mayar da ake yi a cikin nau'i na haruffa da Turanci W. A tsakiyar reshe semispan ayyana batu na karaya daga cikin manya, B-2 m Northrop yana supercritical reshe profile.

A jirgin sama sanye take da 4 injuna, located a kan ko dai gefen bam bay. Don tabbatar da imperceptible gwamnatin gina lebur a kan m surface na jirgin sama ba shi da wani slits a cikin bututun ƙarfe sama injuna da kuma Motors da kuma makamai suna located ciki da na'ura.

flaws a cikin zane

Gaskiyar cewa winged jirgin ne ba wutsiya ba, bai hana shi daga kõfatansu a kan duwatsu rawar daji a cikin iska, stealth kai harin, B-2 bad kantin sayar da shi a cikin sama je zaba saboda da rashi na tsaye filafilin kifi. Kawai a matsar da jirgin sama yi, wanda rage karfi a kan ƙananan reshe da kuma saman daukan kara da dagawa da karfi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani sokewa da na'urar a so shugabanci. A jirgin sama, akwai wani ra'ayi "reshe loading", wanda shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci sigogi na jirgin ruwa. Kasa da kilo rinjayar daya square santimita na da reshe, da sauki shi ne ya sa jirgin ya jũya a cikin iska. Kamar haka ya karu maneuverability m.

M ba zai iya sarrafa ba tare da shigarwa na lantarki ramut tsarin da kuma atomatik na'urorin, kallon jirgin aiwatar da bayarwa umurnin hatsaisai a kan inji sassa na fuka-fuki.

gida na'urar

A jirgin sama piloted ta biyu ma'aikatan jirgin, B-2 (m), wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a kasa, shi ne sanye take da wannan matsa gida, dake a cikin gaban kashi na jirgin sama.

Shigar da wurin aiki da matukan jirgi ta daki a cikin gaban shasi a kan wani nadawa tsani. Ga kowane matukin jirgi a wurin aiki yana da cikakken sa na kula da na'urorin. A wannan wuri, bayar da jirgin kayan aiki engine fara button da kuma tsarin na jirgin sama. Wadannan mashiga an saita a cikin hali na ƙararrawa.

Kariya daga cikin m ɓangare na gida kunshi hudu bangarori na sanwic tsarin, kyale a gudanar da wani nazari na kwance a wani kwana na 200º. A taron na wani jirgin sama kusa da wani nukiliya fashewa a kan gilashi mai rufi tare da abun da ke ciki na gyara na zinariya, zama opaque kuma ba ya aika da radiation. Flight matukan jirgi gudanar a protivolazernyh tabarau.

A kula da tsarin a kan jirgin

B-2 m sanye take da wani ƙarin electrically sarrafawa a nesa, wanda yake shi ne dijital tsarin da m amsa kvadradupleksnuyu abubuwa. Atomatik iko ƙunshi a cikin tsarin hudu aiki naúrar kuma a aiki yanayin a hali na maye biyu daga gare su. M siginar tsarin 20 qunshi wani dagawa haska matsa lamba karatu, wanda ya sa ya unobtrusive.

American m B-2 avionics hadaddun yana NSS aji kewayawa subsystem. Walƙiya sauri mayar da martani ga canza yanayi a jirgin da biyu juna lantarki: IMU (inertial) da kuma AIU (astroinertial). Kowace daga cikin matuka jirgin kallon 4 Manuniya na multifunctional mataki.

Tarihi na halitta

Yayin Cold War tsakanin USSR da Amurka a shekarar 1979, Ronald Reagan a lokacin da yake yakin neman zabe a wa'adi ga mayar da makaman da Amurka Army. Shekara guda daga baya, gwamnatin {asar Amirka ya yi niyyar kafa yawan alamar aircrafts a kan m bayarwa na ordnance a shafa yankin, da kuma fari a jerin ne stealth m B-2. Hadin Amirkawa suna lilo a kan haske kowane dollar kafin sa shi a cikin wani hali. Fantastic jirgin sama tare da ƙara iya aiki da kuma rage Ganuwar na aikin alama da za a kubutar al'amurra da kuma shi ne a karkashin musamman iko da gwamnatin {asar Amirka.

Company Northrop Grumman ɓullo da unobtrusive dabarun m, wanda aka tsara domin karya, ta hanyar da m tsarin na anti-tracking da kuma ceto na nukiliya da kuma sauran makamai. An ɓullo da a kan tushen masana'antu ATV shirin.

The aikin karbi lambar sunan B-2 da alama Ruhu. Fito a shekarar 1987 ya jinkirta saboda rashin zane yanke shawara dage farkon na gwajin har 1989 kuma qara kudade domin aikin da wani dala biliyan. Financiers zuwa 1989 sanin darajar kudin samar da wani sabon jirgin sama na 23,1 dala biliyan.

A farko kwafin samun wani tashi a rayuwa a wani soja ma'aikata a California, inda ya gudanar da farko jirgin da kuma zanga-zanga na jama'a damu yadudduka. Saboda babban kudin yi kawai 21 m B-2 Ruhu Stealts. All fama motocin ne sirri sunayen cewa ta dace da sunayen jihohin Amurka. A karshe misali na wani winged jirgin ake kira "Ruhu of America" an sanya ta cikin sojojin a watan Yuli 2000.

na zamani da jirgin sama

A shekarar 2008, jam'iyyar Congress of America ne kudade a shirin hažaka da B-2 (m). Control tsarin rauni motsi ƙasa hari da kuma radar cibiyar sadarwa sha m canje-canje. 2009 qara load damar da jirgin sama, wanda shi ne 27 ton, rabu da rabin a dama da hagu compartments. A 2010, da kayan da aka inganta jirgin sama panel da ta sa shi ba zai yiwu ba domin har ma da 'yan fatattaka daga cikin kashi.

A panel is located tsakanin Motors take hakkin bãyan tẽkun ake dangantawa da cewa sannu a hankali tara karfe gajiya, sakamakon fasa. Ta rufe kumshin kwarangwal na wani zafi mai amsawa jet da aka hõre high yanayin zafi, ba na karshe rawar da vibration a lokacin aiki na ikon shuke-shuke. Kamfanin na injiniyoyin mu jimre wa da aiki na yin canje-canje ga wutsiya zane da kuma amfani da ƙarin nagartaccen steels.

A watan Afrilu 2010, dan kunar bakin waken da samun ingantaccen software, sabon kewayawa da m sadarwa tsarin. Kuma a watan Satumba 2012 a cikin iko da jirgin sama modified da shigarwa na kyautata radar AN / APQ-181 tare da samuwa AESA radar. New tufafi suna complemented mafi m sadarwa da kuma tsarin maye kayan aiki a cikin jirgin sama riƙe.

Fasaha halaye na fama abin hawa

Manned m yana da kyau kwarai fasaha halaye. B-2 (m) sanye take da jirgin sama lantarki. Infrared FLIR tsarin ya haifar da wani m review, a rediyo kalaman HANIUAL altimeter tsara don haka da cewa ta siginar da aka ba gano a lokacin da bincike ta husũma.

Domin motsi a cikin ba tsarawa daga cikin inertial kewayawa tsarin shigar ayyuka da tashar don musayar bayanai da leken asiri na tauraron dan adam. Ainihin JDAM shiryar da tarin harsasai ejection tsarin da aka bayar a qaddara kewayon da manufa ta yin amfani da nuna na'urar. A jirgin sama yana da wani hade tsarin na na'urar dake aika da bayanai zuwa da kula da tsarin don canja halin da ake ciki a waje da jirgin ruwa.

A jirgin sama sanye take da AESA radar, amma wannan ba wani hali na'urar for stealth jirgin sama, shi wajibi ne don bayar da alama kuma maƙiyi iska tsaro zasekut jirgin sama. Alal misali, a tashi jirgin ruwan haihuwa F-117 yana kawai m hanyar data tarin. Fasaha halaye na jirgin sama:

• da yardar kaina a cikin kokfit ne biyu matukin jirgi.
• tsawon jirgin sama kreysernogo jirgin ruwa ne 20,9 m.
• da na'ura na da wingspan na 52,1 m.
• Aircraft tsawo - 5.1 m.
• reshe surface yankin - 460 m ^2;
• jirgin ruwa na soja unfilled blank Tã 71,7 m.
• al'ada da kuma iyakar takeoff nauyin 152,6 da 171 m, bi da bi.
• makãmashin MOTA KE SHAN MAI na'ura ga dukan zamanin da jirgin weighs 73 ton.
• dangi har zuwa na zamani da kuma bayan - 22,7 da kuma 27 bi da bi ton.
• Aircraft kewaye turbojet engine, Tã 1.452 m.
• matsakaicin yiwu gudun jirgin - 860 km / h.
• matsakaita gudun jirgin ruwa na soja - 776 km / h, da fama yanki na kama radius 5310 km.
• Flight nesa ne 11110 km, tafiya lokaci zuwa - 6.5 h, B-2 (m) yakan to a kalla 15,000 m.

amfani dauke da makamai

Domin hallaka manufa suna amfani da su da makaman nukiliya 340 / ton, 1.1 m / ton. Jirgin kawo al'ada da bama-bamai 16 x 84, 36 x 80 tari bam makamai 82. Amfani na high ainihin, kamar yadda makamai amfani cruise makamai masu linzami.

Akwai na kowa labari cewa B-2 kai harin don amfani cruise linzami iya ba. Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne, tun a cikin wannan harka da m ake bukata don dakatar da munition daki bama-bamai da kuma motsa shi zuwa ga makoma sake saiti batu da abin da inji iya jimre.

disadvantages ganuwa

Broad strata na Amurka soja da kuma majalisarsu suna kawai ta rũɗe a cikin mafi kyau tsammanin. Ba dukan mutane suna da ilimi, a fagen rediyo, har ma fiye da haka a cikin electromagnetic diffraction sabon abu. Kafin su kasance malaman da ra'ayin ganuwa kai harin, masana kimiyya takarar yi wa'adi ga halittar irin wannan jirgin sama An riga an kamu da cewa tunanin mai yawa mutane.

Amma da ra'ayin yadda ya dace da ɗan m samu masha'a yankin na jirgin sama da ya rage a cikin kewayon 0,0015 zuwa 0.1 m ^2. Wannan yanayin ne ya zuwa yanzu m zuwa karatu, misali, wani jirgin saman soja wanda ESR ne 3-4 m ^2. A duban farko, masha'a yanki ne a cikin wani m kewayo.

Amma rage ESR m zama m nuna alama na ta invisibility. Rage watsawa ne tasiri ne kawai ga wani span na rabu amfani model na iska tsaro. Modern radar gyare-gyare iya gane yanayin jirgin sama tare da watsi yanki a nesa na goma zuwa ashirin kilomita.

Flat siffofi, rashin tsaye Lines da wutsiya sa shi yiwuwa a zauna a zaba mana, kuma shi yana bukatar shigarwa na m lantarki controls.

Duk wani m matsaloli tare da infrared haske, duk da kokari na injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya. Suna ƙoƙarin gano wuri da injuna na jirgin sama daga saman, canja fitarwa bututun ƙarfe takware ga kara sanyaya na ƙone man fetur. Yana da ake samu sakamakon, amma wani cikakken buya mai amsawa zafi shaye bai yi aiki ba.

Mashaidi zuwa iri-iri na zamani da nune-nunen ce cewa ta hanyar da almajiri jirgin thermal imager ne sosai m ne hasken da yake a bayyane. The na'urar iya ganin abokan gaba, sa'an nan B-2 (m) ƙaddara wa ga halaka.

Kwatankwacin wani babban taro na jirage

Kamar yadda lissafin soja masana kimiyya yi lalacewar zurfin wuri da makiya m F-16 a wani adadin na 32 inji tare da daidaici da makamai na bukatar a jam'i na samfurin goyon bayan art. A rakiya kunshi 16s, 4-darektan jirgin sama amo, 8 aircrafts for suppressing radar da MOTA KE SHAN MAI dukan fakitin (15 guda) wanda samar da waccan mujalla da muka carriages man fetur.

Babu shakka m harbe ikon sa ganuwa rukuni na F-117 da jirgin sama 8 tare da biyu tushe motocin dakon. Amma wani American m B-2 fitowa wannan kamanta bincike na manyan mukamai - irin ayyukan da bukatar gaban a cikin iska kawai biyu stealth tsarin da kuma ba ya bukatar da yin amfani da man fetur da motocin dakon, kamar yadda matsakaicin zango ba ya bukatar MOTA KE SHAN MAI a cikin sama. Kamar yadda ka gani, da tanadi a can.

Hatsari stealth m

A hadarin ya faru ne a tsibirin Guam. Aerodrome bar hudu jirgin sama na waɗanda šauki 4 watanni tushen a tsibirin. M mai suna "Ruhu na Kansas" daukan kashe na biyu. Sauti halayyar auduga, akwai m hayaki shaye a nesa daga hasumiyar kula. Lalacewa ta hanyar wuta da dubagari, sabis, amma ba za ka iya ajiye jirgin sama, shi ne gaba daya hallaka.

Taken kashe matukan jirgin na farko jirgin sama umurce su da su koma nan da nan zuwa ga wurin kirkirar, duk flights daga harin na irin wannan dakatar a lokacin bayani na muhimmi haddasawa na hatsari. Matukan jirgin gudanar da kore da kuma aka ba mugun lalace, daya aka sallami a rana ta biyu, da kuma sauran lokaci shi da aka bi a wani asibiti.

An zaci cewa, hadarin da aka sa ta maye na inji ko mataki na mutum factor. Wadannan da wani bincike da ta musamman hukumar karshe da aka yi cewa stealth m B-2 fashewa ya faru a sakamakon engine gazawar.

Career fama m

Domin da farko lokacin da kayar NATO m amfani a lokacin yaki, a {asar Yugoslavia, inda kimanin 600 da daidaici-shiryar da tarin harsasai da aka jefar. Characteristically, jefa jirage sanya ba tare da wani dashi, su aka aika daga mai tushe a Missouri, faduwa bama-bamai a Kosovo da kuma drifted baya.

A yakin Iraki samar da wani sabon tushe na fada. Stealth m B-2 daukan kashe daga Atoll Diego Garsiya da wani m tushe ba tare da bayyana sunayen. Total jirgin sama yi game da 22 manufa. Whiteman Air Base ta fito da 27 cushe da harsasai da jirgin sama, wanda tare da na farko hare-haren da kika aika zuwa kasar Iraki fiye da 300 ton na bama-bamai. A talakawan tsaya a cikin iska ya 30 hours, yayin da a lura da cewa matsakaicin rikodin tsawon na daya daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin memba wanda yake a cikin sama a kan 50 hours.

A yawa kwarewa a cikin yãƙi aiki ƙara da cewa kashi a harin bam din na Libya a shekarar 2011, a cikin abin da tarin harsasai kika aika da 45 ƙasa hari. Ga wani kankanin batun jerin 21 naúrar kai harin alama mai kyau fama gwaninta.

Summing up

Fama B-2 m Ruhu Stealth da tarihi na halitta ya nuna yadda ba su nuna da jirgin sama. Duk da m talla, untwisted a kusa da ra'ayin samar da wani ganuwa jirgin sama don saki manufa domin a tallace-tallace airship bai yi nasara ba. Sverhdorogie kai harin ji ciwo fiye da lalacewar da Amurka Congress fiye da abokan adawarsa. Abin da aka makala billionths na kudi da aka ba shi barata, akwai kananan dace saboda girma da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha gane iska hari.

A wani bakin ciki rubutu tarihin stealth m ba ya kawo karshen, shi ya zama kaffa da cewa kasashen da dama ana al'amurra da wani wasu fasaha. Babu shakka, shi ne m amfani, da kuma wani abu, yadda m zuba jari sakamakon samu.