A misali model na sararin samaniya

The Standard Model - a ka'idar wanda wakiltar zamani gabatar da asali da tushe abu domin gina talikai. Wannan tsari ya bayyana yadda al'amarin an kafa daga ta asali da aka gyara, da sojojin na hulda wanzu tsakanin da aka gyara.

Jigon da misali model

A da tsarin, duk da na farko barbashi (nucleons) na wanda ya hada da tsakiya, kazalika da wani nauyi barbashi (hadrons) kunshi ko karami Firayim barbashi kira da muhimman hakkokin.

Wadannan primary abubuwa na al'amari ne yanzu dauke quarks. A mafi sauki da na kowa quarks kasu kashi babba (u) da kuma ƙananan (d). Proton kunshi wani hade da quarks uud, da neutron - udd. Jami'in u-quark ne 2/3, yayin da d-quark - korau cajin -1/3. Idan muka lissafta da Naira Miliyan Xari da quark zargin, da zargin da proton da neutron an samu tsananin daidaita 1 da 0. Wannan ya nuna cewa da misali model ne cikakken mayalwaci bayyana gaskiya.

Akwai da dama nau'i-nau'i daga quarks, wanda yin up mafi m barbashi. Saboda haka, na biyu biyu dokoki sihirce (s) da kuma m (s) quark, da kuma na uku biyu - gaskiya (t) da kuma kyau (b).

Kusan dukkan barbashi da suke iya hango ko hasashen da misali model, riga bude experimentation.

Baya quarks matsayin "gini tubalan" ne da ake kira leptons. Sun kuma samar da uku da nau'i-nau'i na barbashi: wani electron daga electron neutrino, muon neutrino muon, tau lepton tau lepton-neutrino.

Quarks da leptons, bisa ga masana kimiyya, ne babban gini abu a kan tushen da wanda aka halitta da zamani model na sararin samaniya. Su yi mu'amala via barbashi-dako da cewa aika da ikon hatsaisai. Akwai hudu main iri irin wannan hulda:

- karfi, inda quark riƙe cikin barbashi.

- electromagnetic.

- rauni, wadda take kaiwa zuwa siffofin lalace.

- nauyi.

Strong launi hulda canjawa wuri barbashi kira gluons da basu da taro da kuma wutar lantarki. Jimla chromodynamics yin nazarin irin wannan hulda.

A electromagnetic hulda faruwa ta hanyar musayar taro hana photons - kamfani mai suna Quanta na electromagnetic radiation.

The rauni hulda ne saboda da m vector bosons, wanda kusan 90 sau fiye da protons.

Gravitational hulda samar sadarwar gravitons da ba su da taro. Duk da haka, gwaje gane wadannan barbashi ba tukuna nasara.

Standard model ya wadãtu da farko iri uku hulda tsakanin uku daban-daban manifestations guda yanayi. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar high zafin jiki ƙarfi, wanda aiki a cikin sararin samaniya, a zahiri Fused tare, don haka ba za su iya ba sai tsõkaci da hankali. Na farko, kamar yadda masana kimiyya sun samu, hada da rauni nukiliya karfi da kuma electromagnetic. A sakamakon haka, shi halitta da electroweak hulda, wanda za mu iya tsayar da zamani a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a cikin na farko barbashi accelerators.

Universe ka'idar ya furta cewa, a lokacin da ta asali, a farko ƴan daƙiƙa bayan da Big Bang, bambanci tsakanin electromagnetic da karfin nukiliya ba ya nan. Sai da bayan rage da talakawan zafin jiki na duniya har zuwa 10 14k, hudu-daban na hulda sun iya raba sama da kai wani zamani look. A halin yanzu, yawan zafin jiki ya sama wannan alama, amsa kawai muhimman hakkokin karfi na nauyi, karfi da kuma electroweak interactions.

Electroweak hulda a hade tare da karfi da makaman nukiliya a game da 10 27 K, wanda shi ne unattainable a zamani dakin gwaje-gwaje. Amma wadannan kuzari ne yanzu rasa ko da sararin samaniya da kanta, don haka kadan don tabbatar da ko ƙi yarda da wannan ka'idar yana da ba tukuna zai yiwu. Amma da ka'idar cewa ya bayyana matakai na interactions yale mu mu ba da wasu tsinkaya game da tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a kasan makamashi matakan. Kuma wadannan kintace ne yanzu ya tabbatar da gwaje.

Saboda haka, misali model yayi wani ka'idar da tsarin da sararin samaniya, al'amarin da aka hada da leptons da quarks, kuma cudanya tsakanin wadannan barbashi an aka bayyana a cikin grand hadade theories. Model duk da haka ne bai cika domin shi bai hada da gravitational hulda. Tare da kara raya kimiyya ilmi da fasahar, wannan model za a iya supplemented da kuma ci gaba, amma a wannan lokacin - yana da mafi kyau daga abin da masana kimiyya sun iya ci gaba.