Abrasive material: halaye, aikace-aikace

Mankind Ya kasance Masani ga abrasives domin da yawa millennia. Mutane amfani da duwatsu da kuma yashi a siffar da kaifafa wukake, da māsu, da arrowheads da fishhooks. A farko an abrasive sandstone, a cikin abin da rawar da aiki sashi taka leda kankanin hatsi na ma'adini. Har gano hanyoyi na sarrafa wannan abu ne abrasive karfe kai ga yiwuwar ci gaba da dukan 'yan Adam, kamar yadda mutane sa'an nan kawai ba sauran hanyar yin kayayyakin aiki, duka biyu da aiki da kuma makamai.

Mẽne ne daga wani jiki ra'ayi,

Yawanci abrasives ne sosai wuya ma'adanai, wanda aka located a kan babba gefen Mohs sikelin da taurin - daga ma'adini da lu'u-lu'u. Amma ko da taushi kayan iya yin wannan aikin. Sponges, yin burodi soda da 'ya'yan itace rami iya tare da dalili mai kyau na kira abrasives. Tare da su mun haɗu, a kullum, da kuma su duk da muhimmancin a rayuwar yau da kullum ne mai girma.

A wasu matakai, su za a iya amfani?

Abrasive abu ne sau da yawa kira don haka ba saboda ta jiki Properties, da kuma saboda yanayi na amfani. Akwai da dama azuzuwan irin wannan tafiyar matakai. A musamman sandblasting inji mafi yawan kayan za a iya amfani, wanda a karkashin al'ada yanayi ba bayyana da abrasive Properties. Wannan kayan aiki yana amfani da wani iko da iska rafi ko ruwa, a cikin abin da motsi a high gudun kananan barbashi wasu mahadi. A wasu lokuta, a raga abrasive, taka rawar da tace-chopper.

Sandblasting inji aka yi amfani ga polishing da karshe karewa daga sassa da kuma ƙãre kayayyakin. Wannan na iya daukar kusan duk wani abrasive kayan daga harsashi na kwayoyi da kuma tsaba na horticultural amfanin gona, bawo na mollusks da sauran kwayoyin halitta zuwa mafi karami guda na karfe, slag, gilashin ko yin burodi soda.

babban aka gyara

Silica yashi ne mafi m ga abrasive ayukan iska mai ƙarfi da gadoji da sauran karfe Tsarin. Kamar wancan akwai mai matukar tasiri magani da tsatsa, wanda muhimmanci inganta karko na aikin injiniya Tsarin. Wannan tsari na bukatar a high yawa abrasives. Matsayin mai mulkin, magani daga karfe Tsarin shafi yin amfani da matsa iska. Ya taka rawar da wani barbashi totur kuma yana da wani ƙarin lalatattu effects.

Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, shi za a iya amfani da shi, da kuma ruwa. A musamman a lokacin da tsaftacewa kankare Tsarin. Kusan duk gine-ginen gina a yankin na gabar teku tsiri, lokaci-lokaci bukatar. Gaskiyar cewa su surface qara da lokaci a lokacin farin ciki Layer gishiri da sauran lalatattu mahadi. Fresh ruwa, wanda a baya aka kara da ya dace abu (abrasive) ba kawai kawar da su tare da kankare, amma kuma samar da "desalting". Sake, wannan mataki muhimmanci ƙara da rai na gine-gine da sabis.

Polishing ƙãre kayayyakin

Polishing - shi ke mafi muhimmanci tsari a cikin abin da abrasives bukatar ne musamman m. Kamar yadda wani janar mulki, za mu kawo su kammala gama kayayyakin ko wasu aka gyara ta amfani da musamman manna ko taushi ƙafafun, da fili dangane da roba resins. Yana bukaci ko da wani sauki abrasive soso. Cerium oxide, lu'u-lu'u, silica, da baƙin ƙarfe oxide da chromium oxide - mahadi wanda aka fi yawan amfani da yau.

Novakulit (m siliceous kankara) - kuma mai kyau albarkatun kasa ga polishing kayan. Cerium oxide ne mafi m ma'adinai amfani ga polishing gilashi. Wannan dangane da shi ba karce, amma lends smoothness da haske. A cikin 'yan shekaru, duk da haka, Karbid Kremniya da kuma roba lu'u lu'u ga wannan} ara yin amfani. Bisa su, shi kuwa ya yi musamman tsada da ingantaccen abrasive bel. An sosai dace domin lura da mafi "capricious" kayan.

A amfani da Magnetic filayen

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma da yadu a cikin masana'antu an fara gudanar da aiki da aiwatar da abrasive nika. Don yin wannan, ba su yi amfani matsa ruwa ko matsa iska: kankanin abrasive barbashi iyo a cikin wani iko Magnetic filin, wanda Forms "grindstone". Wannan hanya da aka yi amfani da daidaici aikin injiniya, kamar yadda za a iya amfani da su Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Hone da cikakken bayani, wanda zai kullum zama tsada sosai ga aiwatar da / ko na dogon lokaci. Kamar yadda abrasive fi amfani da aluminum fili tare da karafa wanda da wannan dukiya.

Magnetorheological polishing dabaru

Lokacin da rheological polishing Hanyar "jiki" abrasive kayan aiki da ba a amfani. A kayan aka haxa da taya a cikin abin da suka kasance thicker tafi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar lantarki filayen. Wannan hanya ita ce irin wannan a mutunta mutane da yawa zuwa ga cewa aka bayyana a sama, an kuma amfani da magani daga wasu sassa a cikin daidaici aikin injiniya da kuma kama masana'antu.

Kullum, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a samar da suna ƙara fara amfani da abrasives, pre-gauraye da ruwa ko roba resins. A da kyau misali - GOI wetted abrasive manna dangane chromium oxide. An dade an sani, amma kawai a cikin 'yan shekaru da shi kulawa ta musamman. A dalilin ne mai sauki - low cost da wannan fili da kuma ta high dace a lokacin polishing. Har ila yau, mai laushi abrasive manna ayyukan a kan abu da za a bi, ba tare da tõno ko tareda žata shi.

Nika ƙafafun for kwana grinders ( "Bulgarians")

Suna amfani ba kawai ga polishing. Abrasives iya har yanzu za a yanke a wani musamman m kayan. A saboda wannan dalili, na bakin ciki abrasive ƙafafun aka sanya a kan tushen da aluminum oxide da phenolic resins. A rare lokuta, a karfe nika dabaran. Irin wannan kayan aikin ne ba makawa musamman a cikin hakar marmara quarries. A gaskiya wannan ma'adinai ne sosai m, talauci da na al'ada sawing saws.

Kamar yadda muka ambata, da ake amfani da yankan aluminum oxide, Karbid Kremniya, roba lu'u-lu'u da kuma boron carbide. Daga cikin wadannan, da nika dabaran za a iya sanya, ciki har da wani nau'i na musamman sawa ruwa ga high-ƙarfi kayan.

Babban kayayyakin amfani ga masana'antun

Saboda haka, wadannan mahadi da ake bukata da za a wasa, polishing, yankan kayan. Modern masana'antu sau da yawa yana amfani da abrasive kayan aiki na wucin gadi asalin. Dalilin wannan - gwada da low cost of synthetics. da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa mahadi ne yafi tsada. Daga cikin su shi ne akai-akai lamba ce aluminum oxide da Karbid Kremniya, zirconia da ake kira superabrasives (lu'u-lu'u ko boron nitride).

Ware su ne rare da yafi wakilta corundum. Shi ne tsada sosai, kuma ta yin amfani da a samar da wani isasshe da iyaka. A wani ko da mafi wuya amfani halitta Diamonds m ga polishing saboda musamman kananan size, ko tsarin lahani.

A ci gaba na masana'antu abrasives

A tarihin masana'antu abrasives ga nika ƙafafun ya fara da na halitta ma'adanai - ma'adini da silicon, kazalika da corundum. Shi ne karshen, ta hanyar, a karon farko da kuma zama da aka sani "Emery". Ya na farko mashaya da abrasive. Ƙin na halitta ma'adanai fara a farkon rabin karni na ashirin da kuma an kusan kammala ta karshen shi. Batun nan da aka ba kawai babban kudin halitta kayan. Gaskiyar cewa sun duk da kyau-tsare Properties cewa canza bai fito. Roba abrasives kuma fara karkashin wani yanayi, zai iya zama quite daban-daban, kuma mafi alhẽri dace don warware wasu m matsaloli.

Alal misali, ta hanyar sabuwar fasahar za a iya halitta fili tare da barbashi siffar kama wani sliver. Irin wannan abu ne manufa domin aikace-aikace zuwa surface na polishing ƙafafun. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne zai yiwu ya haifar da gaba ɗaya sabon kayan, ta hanyar hada da, misali, titanium oxide da aluminum mahadi. Wadannan abrasives ne manufa domin lura da wuya musamman saman.

Lokacin da akwai wani "abrasive nasara" a masana'antu?

Modern samar da abrasives, ciki har da a saki nika ƙafafun da Emery konkoma karãtunsa fãtun, yana da wuya a bayyana saboda nauyin alamun kasuwanci da hažžožin, wanda a lokuta da dama bayyana wannan samfurin. A key to irin wannan rikice-rikice ne mai sauki - saboda karami bambance-bambance a cikin sinadaran abun da ke ciki na iya yin rijista a sabuwar alama image. Amma abin da yake da dalilin roba abrasives, da kuma lokacin da masana'antu da yiwuwar su taro amfani?

Yake gagarumin taron da aka bude na silicon carbide - mai ma'adinai, ba a samu a yanayi. Samar da wani roba alumina a 1890 kawai kara kuzari farkon na gudanar da bincike a wannan yanki. By karshen 1920 roba aluminum oxide, Karbid Kremniya, garnet, kuma Emery ne manyan masana'antu abrasives.

Amma hakikanin nasara zo a cikin shekara ta 1938. Yana to, ya zama zai yiwu don samar da chemically m alumina, wanda aka same nan da nan m aikace-aikace a inji aikin injiniya. Shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa a cakuda zirconia kuma alumina shi ne manufa domin rikitarwa ayyukansu a yankan wuya karfe maki. Yana da gaske ne na musamman da abrasive foda: tana high dace, amma shi ne gwada cheap. Yau dabino kuma rike da dukan roba alumina, tsare da asali haƙar microcrystalline tsarin da farawa kayan. A musamman da haka musamman Cubitron ™ an halitta, kazalika da abrasives dangane da tukwane a karkashin SolGel ™ iri.

A cikin "yarinya aboki"

Halitta lu'u-lu'u - mafi tsufa abrasive dutse. Ya zama mai farin jini a cikin 1930s. Tom da yake daidai saboda dalilai guda biyu. Da fari dai, kafin kundin na lu'u-lu'u samarwa ya negligible kuma kawai jiki ba zai iya rufe da girma da bukatun da masana'antu. Abu na biyu, dangane da wani m ji kashedi game da yaki, kasashen da dama suka fara nema masa agajin gaggawa hanyoyin da za a aiwatar da tungsten carbide da taimakon inji. Wannan abu ne har yanzu amfani da a samar da tsakiya na armor- sokin projectiles.

Matsalar ya kasance mara kyau ne a cikin taurin daga cikin kayan da cewa abrasion kawai bai kai. A binciken gudanar a shekarun 1960s da General Electric, ya haddasa zuwa fitowan da roba lu'u lu'u. Kyakkyawan bincike a cikin wannan yanki manyan zuwa da bude daga cikin cubic boron nitride, CBN. Wannan fili, da ciwon taurin lu'u-lu'u, an yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin yi da sauran abrasives, tun da shi za a iya kusan milled cikin wuya aji karfe ƙura.

Hakika, duk wadannan abrasives, ban da duk da gagarumar Properties, da daya babbar drawback - da kudin. A kwanan nan togiya ne abrasive Abral, hada Turai damuwa Pechiney. Wannan kamfanin da ya ɓullo da wani irin "lu'u-lu'u canza", wanda, kadan baya zuwa da su a cikin taurin da yawa ya lashe a farashin.

Amma ba kawai abrasives masana'antu sun koma a gaba. Babban muhimmanci kayan da aka yi amfani a matsayin dalilin da aikace-aikace. A musamman, a lokacin da aka halicci Bakelite, damar da za su samar da karin haske, sa'an m nika ƙafafun. Sun kara a ko'ina da kuma abrasives mafi rarraba a ciki girma. Yana bayar da muhimmanci mafi ingancin kayan aiki.

Emery zane

Emery zane amfani da tushe, wucin gadi da na halitta yadudduka, fina-finai, kuma ko da a fili takarda, masana'anta-karfafa zaruruwa. A wasu lokuta, da "nazhdachku" da aka shirya impregnating wani bayani dangane da phenolic resins ko ruwa (tare da Bugu da kari na abrasives, ba shakka) masana'anta. Yana kuma iya iya samu abrasive soso. Irin wannan kayan aikin an yadu da aka sani zuwa ga kusan kowa da kowa, da muka fuskanci su kullum da kuma kowace rana.

Mun bayyana yawa aikace-aikace na wadannan kayan. Amma gaskiyar ita ce, mafi yawansu ba su fuskantar da talakawan mutum a titi a dukkan a rayuwarsu. Alal misali, mutane da yawa sani game da wasa da duwatsu, da sandunansu, ko da guda sandpaper, wani amfani raga abrasive. Amma 'yan kaxan mutane san takamaiman irin abubuwa da ake amfani da, misali, bearings masana'antun na high quality wukake ko na superhard karfe maki. A karshen, ba zato ba tsammani, gida don kaifafa kusan ba na gaskiya ba. "Mawashin" domin suna bukatar sosai musamman.

Ga wasu ayyuka shige daya ko wani abrasive?

Domin da takamaiman bukatun da ake bukata superabrasive, wanda muka riga takaicce aka ambata a sama. Suna kuma gabatar a cikin nau'i na konkoma karãtunsa fãtun Emery, abrasive goge, woje da kuma da'irori. Saboda haka, karfe masana'antun ne alumina da silicon carbide a samar da misali-sa ruwan wukake. Taro samar ma yawanci bukatar fadi amfani da sandblasting inji: bakin karfe, ball bearings saki da kuma taro aiki musamman katako. Duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta, masana'antun kasance masu biyayya ga "mai kyau da haihuwa" alumina. Wannan abrasive foda ne cheap, amma yana da matukar tasiri.

A karshen

Abrasives, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice taka rawa a samar da kusan duk abubuwan da mutane fuskanci kowace rana. A musamman, ba tare da su ba zai yiwu ba ga Ya halitta gine-gine na Anodized aluminum, waxanda suke da haka rare tare da magoya na "apple" kayayyakin. Kada ka manta cewa wani sauki nika dutse "grinders" ko ma talakawa sandpaper - da 'ya'yan itace da yawa na masana kimiyya da sana'a tara da shirya da ilmi a tsawon shekaru.

Kamfanonin samar da iri daban-daban abrasives, nika ƙafafun da sandpaper, ta amfani da ka'idojin ilimi, waxanda suke da ba a da yawa related masana'antu. An shiryar da su zuwa ga data samu a cikin binciken na tukwane, an yadu ake yi amfani da sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, kuma metallurgy. Abrasives ne ko da yaushe m - su ne a key alama na zamani samar da sake zagayowar na da yawa Enterprises.