Architecture na Moscow Kremlin. A tarihin halitta da kuma bayanin irin Moscow Kremlin

Architecture na Moscow Kremlin na samar da wani cikakken hoto na yadda Center aka asali gina Rasha Moscow. The gine-gine da gungu ya hada da haikalin, plazas, bẽne, ginin. Yau, duk gani, dauki look at wanda zo baƙi da kuma yawon bude ido daga ko'ina Rasha da kuma daga kasashen waje.

Kremlin Construction

Architecture na Moscow Kremlin aka kafa a karshen cikin XV karni. Main hasumiya, da ganuwar da aka gina a cikin shekara 1485-1495. Red tubali da aka yi amfani da, da kuma wani farin dutse, da turmi. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa gida Masters da aka ba ta samu gurbin shiga irin wannan aiki. Saboda haka, muna gayyatar kasashen waje masana. Ivan III hayar domin gina da Moscow Kremlin gine-ginen daga Italiya.

Duk da haka, wasu hasumiyoyin gina bayan duk Rasha Masters. Gaskiyar cewa su siffar ne reminiscent na halayyar katako gine-gine. Kamar yadda shi ne da sani, yayin da ma'adanin na sassaƙa a Rasha ya kai ta kammala, ya taimaka kansa m abu, da kuma aikin ne kullum ake bukata, kamar yadda daga lokaci zuwa lokaci manyan gobara hallaka dukan gine-gine. Don kauce wa wannan, da shiri na Moscow Kremlin dutse aka yi amfani.

zato Cathedral

Daya daga cikin manyan gine-gine a cikin gine-gine gungu - ɗauka cewa Cathedral. Yana da aka gina a kan site na farko da dutse daga cikin babban coci a Moscow, gina ta Ivanom Kalitoy a farkon rabin na XIV karni. Architecture Moscow Kremlin ma'anar wannan tsarin a hanyoyi masu yawa.

Cathedral fara gina a 1475. Ga wani samfurin dauka irin wannan addini gini a Vladimir XII karni. Saboda haka, sake jaddada Moscow ci gaba game da Vladimir, wanda aka a baya dauke daya daga cikin manyan birane a kasar Rasha.

Kan gaba shekaru 400 shi ne babban coci a Rasha. An lashe Sarkin sarakuna. The main ƙofar aka located daga Cathedral yankin. Entrance zuwa babban haikalin Moscow Kremlin kamar yadda idan mãsu tsarẽwa Mika'ilu shugaban mala'iku, wani adadi wanda aka nuna a sama da baka. Har yanzu sama da Virgin da Child.

A iconostasis, wanda a yau za mu iya gani a cikin ɗauka cewa Cathedral, kammala painters na Triniti Lavra na St. Sergius a tsakiyar XVII karni.

A lokacin yakin duniya na II shekaru na 1812 da gini na Moscow Kremlin an hõre washe kuma devastation. Na yi ba togiya da Cathedral. Sashe na ganima daga Faransa sa'an nan kame da Rasha Cossacks.

Cathedral na Gaske Shelar

Architecture Moscow Kremlin ba za a iya tunanin ba tare da Cathedral na Gaske Shelar. An located a kudu maso yammacin ɓangare na Cathedral Square. Yana da aka gina a cikin marigayi XV karni. Aikin yi Pskov Masters.

A zamanin mulkin Ivana Groznogo aka a haɗe shirayin da wani babban shirayi na fari dutse.

Wannan Haikali na Moscow Kremlin da aka gina a cikin hadisin na farkon Moscow gine. Yau, murals na da babban amfani ne Cathedral, abin da ya bayyana a farkon na XVI karni. Babban abin yabo daga cikin Artel artists, wanda ya jagoranci Theodosius da ɗansa Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar. Labaru, da dama a kan jigo na Apocalypse. Zaka kuma iya saduwa da wadanda muradi. Alal misali, Rasha shugabanni da masu Byzantine sarakuna.

Musamman bene na babban coci. Ya aza musamman tiles agatovidnoy daraja yasfa.

Cathedral of Shugaban Mala'iku

Wannan babban coci a ganuwar da Moscow Kremlin bayyana a farkon na XVI karni. Yana gina wani ziyartar Italian m Aloisio sabon. Duk da haka, ya bi da hadisai na Rasha gine. Features na Italian Renaissance aka kyan gani, kawai a cikin arziki ado na cikin Haikali.

Its yi aka za'ayi a shafin na wani tsoho babban coci ta cewa Ivan Kalita gina a cikin XIV karni, a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da kubutarsa daga cikin babban birnin kasar na wani annoba da yunwa. Yana da aka dismantled saboda tightness, yantar up sarari domin karin fili coci.

Cathedral lashe tare da biyar domes. Jamhuriyar gilded, da kuma gefen kawai fentin da azurfa Paint. A style na Italian Renaissance, Ya sanya daga fari dutse sassaka portals.

A lokacin Napoleon ta zama daga cikin babban birnin kasar na ruwan inabi sito aka located nan. A kan bagaden, Faransa halshen a kitchen, da kuma duk masu daraja washe.

Church na shaida na tũfa

Abin lura shi ne a kananan coci, gina ta Rasha ta sana'a a cikin marigayi XV karni. Ta bayyana a cikin site na wani tsohon katako coci shaida na tũfa, wanda aka gina bayan da Tartars janye daga Moscow.

A 1451 da suka zo kusa da birnin, amma ba su kai hari da shi, kuma raguwa, da barin duk ganima. The Orthodox Church ya ba da addini muhimmanci, da imani ga wata mu'ujiza. A gaskiya, da Tatars tattara saboda siyasa da bambance-bambance tsakanin warlords.

A sabon coci da aka lalata da wuta a 1737. Yana mayar da m Michurin.

ma'ajiyar makamai

Majalisar na Moscow Kremlin a yau ne na babban sha'awa ga masu yawon shakatawa. A farko ambaci game da dabi'u da suke a halin yanzu a cikin gidan makamai za a iya samu a 1339. Ko da a cikin sau Ivana Kality samuwar 'ya'yan sarakuna ba taskõkin. Daga cikin su su ne ado, tableware, ecclesiastical tasoshi, tsada da tufafi da makamai.

A ƙarshen XV karni, shi ne dake daya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Rasha da kuma zane-zane da sana'o'i. Har ila yau, a nan muna aka kawo kyautai daga waje ofisoshin jakadancin. Lu'ulu'u, azurfa da kofuna waɗanda, gaban doki kayan doki.

By 1485 baitul ya girma sosai cewa an yanke shawarar gina wani raba biyu-labarin dutse gini tsakanin Gaske Shelar da Mala'iku Cathedral. Yana da aka kira da hukuma tsakar gida.

faceted bẽne,

Faceted majalisar na Moscow Kremlin - daya daga cikin 'yan sassa na fada, wanda tsira daga lokacin Ivan III. Shi ne ya grand kursiyin dakin. Wannan shi ne mafi tsufa yakin dutse gini a Moscow.

ские мастера при помощи приглашенных итальянцев - Пьетро Солари и Марко Руффо. Yana da aka gina a shekaru 4 skie Rasha Masters ta amfani da bako Italiya - Pietro Solari da kuma Marco Ruffo.

Da bẽne, shi ne wani square dakin, a cikin abin da giciye vaults, da goyan bayan da wani shafi a tsakiyar dakin. Hall 9 mita hasken saboda yadda ya kamata located windows 18 da hudu m chandeliers. A duka yankin na faceted majalisar na Moscow Kremlin ne kusan 500 murabba'in mita.

A ƙarshen XVI karni, da ganuwar fentin da coci da kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki al'amuran. Don ƙarni, shi ne nan zuwa bikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihi na Rasha jihar. Ga dauka waje ofisoshin jakadancin da wakila, ya gana da Zemsky Sobor. A kai a kai a cikin faceted bẽne, bikin nasarar Rasha makamai. Alal misali, Ivan Grozny bikin kama Kazan, da Bitrus I da nasara a kan Swedes a Poltava.

Red Square

Red Square, Moscow Kremlin bayyana a cikin XV karni. A yau shi ne daya daga cikin alamu na ba kawai babban birnin kasar, amma kuma kasar, ta kasuwanci da katin.

Ta aza Ivan III, wanda ya umarta a rushe duk katako gine-gine a kusa da Kremlin. Tun da aka tsanani wa'adi da wuta. Wannan wuri, ta hanyar da umurninsa, da aka dauka a karkashin cinikayya. Saboda haka, asali kira Red Square Trading. Duk da haka, shi bai dade ba.

Tuni a cikin XVI karni, shi ya sake masa suna Triniti. Saboda a nan kusa Triniti Mai Tsarki Church. Daga baya a cikin wuri ya bayyana a cikin Cathedral Vasiliya Blazhennogo. Bisa ga takardun, a cikin XVII karni, yankin da aka sani da wuta. Ya kamata kada a manta toponymic ban sha'awa alama na Ancient Rus. A wancan lokaci, wannan abu a lokaci guda zai iya samun dama hukuma sunayen.

Red Square da aka mai suna a hukumance a matsayin kawai a cikin XIX karni. Ko da yake wasu daga cikin takardun ne da sunan samu a cikin XVII karni. Ma'anar sunan, bisa ga kamus Vladimira Dalya, ta'allaka ne da cewa kakanninmu kalmar "ja" nufi mai kyau, da kyau kwarai.

Don ƙarni, da Red Square misali, za ka iya gano yadda Moscow Kremlin. A cikin XV karni akwai bayyana da Kremlin bango tare da hasumiyai daga cikin shahararrun - Majalisar Dattawa, Spasskaya da Nikolskaya. A XVI karni, St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo da wurin kisa. A cikin XIX karni - Tarihi Museum, Upper Trading Layuka, wanda yanzu a ke kiran da danko, da abin tunawa ga Minin da Pozharsky. XX karni ya kawo wa Red Square kabarin da Kremlin Wall necropolis.

St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Wannan haikalin da aka gina a cikin tsakiyar XVI karni. Sun gina ta, a cikin girmamawa ga kama na Kazan sojojin Rasha. A gini ne mai girma tsarin da ginshiƙai 9 wanda lẽƙãwa a kan benen kasa suna juna gallery. Yana hadawa da abun da ke ciki na tsakiyar al'amudi, wanda kambi da alfarwansu tare da wani ado cupola a saman. Mutane da yawa musamman zo Moscow ganin wannan haikali.

Takwas da ginshiƙai kewaye babban tanti. All sauran karshe babi a cikin nau'i na kwararan fitila.

A wani ɓangare na Spassky Tower ne biyu na shirayin a kan terrace da haikalin. Daga can za ka iya samun zuwa cloister. Yawon bude ido da kuma mazauna babban birnin kasar ne har yanzu ban sha'awa launuka na cikin Haikalin, duk da cewa shi aka yi ƙarni ago. Fentin St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo gaskiya Masters. Su yi amfani da kawai halitta launuka a hade tare da farin dutse, da ja bulo. Na karshen, yi da karami cikakken bayani. Bright zanen da aka kammala a XVII karni. Lokacin da akwai daga baya tarawa, sa'an nan suka sa kararrawa hasumiyar da ɗakin sujada da yake cikin Haikali a arewa-maso-gabas. Don samun tsira gine-ginen sunayen da aka gina wannan alama addini ginin. Su sunayen Posnik da Barma.