Binders: Properties, rarrabuwa, description, aikace-aikace

Binders an san su fadi da yin amfani a yi masana'antu da shiri na kankare da turmi amfani a yi gine-gine da kuma da sauran fannin jiki. Akwai su da yawa irin su, da kuma a yau za mu takaice ta shãfe a kan babban data kasance subgroups.

Nau'in binders

Bisa ga asalin su iya shafar Organic ko inorganic kungiyar. A farko nasa ne daban-daban asphalts, Tars, filaye da kuma Tars. Babban filin na aikace-aikace - Manufacturing rufin marufai wanda za a iya kumshe wadansu abubuwan, ko yanki irin, da kuma fadi da dama asphaltic kankare hujja kayan. Babban rarrabe ingancin su - hydrophobicity, watau ikon yi laushi da kuma daukar aiki a jihar a lokacin da dumama ko a lamba tare da wani kwayoyin ruwa.

Na biyu kungiyar - inorganic astringents - kunshi lemun tsami, plaster da sumunti. Su ake bukata, a cikin tsari na dafa wani iri-iri na kankare da rokoki. Bayyanar inorganic binders gabatar niƙa ƙasa abu da ciwon dũkiyar hadawa da ruwa a cikin tsari nuna a cikin ruwa-roba kullu-kamar salla, hardening samar da wata m dutse.

Abin da characterizes su

Babban Properties na inorganic binders asalin - hydrophilicity, plasticity da ruwa da kuma hulda da ikon matsawa zuwa m jihar na semiliquid doughy. Yana da wannan daban-daban daga na farko da kungiyar.

By Hanyar hardening da inorganic binders la'akari da iska, na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, acid da kuma autoclaved. Ya dogara da ikon na ƙungiyar zuwa dogon counter da na halitta climatic dalilai.

Air binders taurare, hulda da ruwa da kuma samar da wata fā, zai iya zama a cikin wannan yanayin a cikin iska na dogon lokaci. Amma idan samfur da constructions sanya tare da su yi amfani da, batun na yau da kullum moisturizing, wannan karfin za a rasa sauri. Gine-gine da kuma wuraren da irin wannan shi ne sauƙin saukin kamuwa zuwa lalacewa.

Abin da ke a cikin wannan kungiya? Wadannan al'ada hada gypsum magnesian astringents - lãka, iska lemun tsami. Idan muka dubi su sinadaran abun da ke ciki, da dukan Wannan kungiya, bi da bi, za a iya subdivided cikin hudu more. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk iska binders ne ko dai lemun tsami (dogara ne a kan alli oxide) ko zuwa ga magnesia (da suka hada da wadanda caustic magnesite) ko gypsum m kafa dangane da alli sulphate ne ko dai ruwa gilashi - silicate na potassium ko sodium, data kasance a cikin nau'i na wani ruwa-ruwa bayani.

Je zuwa "mai ruwa-ruwa" da kayan

Yanzu bari mu dubi wani rukuni - na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa binders. Sun ayan taurara, da kuma har abada kula da ƙarfi halaye a cikin muhalli, ba kawai iska amma kuma ruwa. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na wajen rikitarwa da kuma wakiltar wani hade da daban-daban oxides.

Duk da wannan babban rukuni, bi da bi, za a iya raba ciminti silicate asalin a cikin abun da ke ciki na wanda game da 75% na alli silicates (yafi magana game da Portland sumunti da jinsin, wannan kungiyar Forms da dalilin da kewayon na zamani kayan gini) da kuma wani subgroup - aluminate cements dangane da alli aluminate (cikin shahararrun wakilan - kowane irin alumina ciminti). Na uku kungiyar ake romantsement da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa lemun tsami.

Abin da binders ake magana a kai a matsayin acid-resistant? Wannan - Acid ma'adini ciminti ba a cikin nau'i na cakuda ma'adini yashi niƙa ƙasa da silicon. Yana da irin wannan cakuda da wani ruwa-ruwa bayani na sodium silicate ko potassium.

A halayyar alama daga cikin rukuni na acid-dauri jamiái ne su ikon, bayan wucewa can farko na hardening a cikin iska dogon isa ya counteract da m rinjayar daban-daban acid.

Organics a yi

Sauran mafi subgroup - kwayoyin binders (kunsha, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, yafi iri na kwalta da bituminous kayan) yana da wani mabanbanta yanayi. A wannan kwalta iya zama wucin gadi ko na halitta asali. A cikin abun da ke ciki shi ne gauraye da bitumen a cikin nau'i na ma'adanai, farar ƙasa, ko sandstone.

A yi masana'antu kwalta yadu a yi amfani hanya gini yi da kuma hadahada a matsayin wata cakuda da yashi, tsakuwa ko dandaƙewa dutse tare da bitumen. A wannan abun da ke ciki shi ne kwalta amfani da matsayin waterproofing.

Mene ne bitumen? Wannan - Organic abu (ko dai halitta ko wucin gadi), a cikin abin da tsarin - mafi girma hydrocarbons ko su Kalam dauke da nitrogen, oxygen da kuma sulfur. Bigiren da bitumen ne mai fadi da kuma jeri daga hanya, kuma gidaje yi ga Enterprises daga cikin sinadaran masana'antu da Paint masana'antu.

By Tars fahimta kwayoyin binders a cikin abun da ke ciki wanda - aromatic high-kwayoyin carbohydrates da kuma Kalam daga gare - sulfuric, acid da nitrogen.

Su amfani halaye

A bukatu da zama domin kwayoyin kungiyoyin na binders kunshi a ciwon isa mataki na danko a lokacin da hulda tare da daskararrun surface cewa zai ba da damar bayyana high da tsare dũkiyarsu da kuma wetting ta samar da ruwa-resistant fina-finan. Wani da ake bukata - da ikon ya kula da ingancin bayanan a kan wani dogon lokaci.

Wadannan binders sami yin amfani a kwanciya ta hanyoyi da titunan gari, suka rufe filayen jiragen sama da kuma hanyõyi, shirya sidewalks da benaye a basements na gine-gine da kuma masana'antu aikace-aikace.

Yanzu bari mu yi la'akari da asali iri kayan gini na ga kungiyoyin biyu da aka jera. Ka tuna sake - inorganic kungiyar ne yafi kasu kashi wadanda cewa ɗauri a cikin iska da kuma wadanda suke iya yin shi a cikin wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici.

Astringents - kayan gini

Shi ne sananne lãka ne ya fi kowa na binders, hardening a iska. An samu da aikace-aikace a gina wani iri-iri na gine-gine. Yana wakiltar lãka laka, data kasance a matsayin wata cakuda da ake wãtsarwa na microscopic size da yashi, da na lallausan lãka inclusions. A mafi karami daga gare su, suna kira lafiya. Yana da damar su kasancewa a lamba a wani m yanayi don juya a cikin wani kullu-kamar abu. Vysohnuv, wannan roba taro sauƙi solidifies a qaddara siffar zuwa gare shi.

Idan wani siffar don a ƙona, da sakamakon wucin gadi dutse yana da isasshe high ƙarfi. Kamar yadda sauran ma'adinai binders, saboda daban-daban abun da ke ciki na lãka iya zama wani iri-iri na tabarau. Daga cikin mafita a kan su akai sa fireplaces da stoves, kazalika da wanda ya canja tubalin. Suna iya zama siranta, m kuma talakawan. Clay yana da wani tsaurin fireclay-hali, duk da haka ba makawa a cikin na'ura na fireplaces da stoves.

Mene ne lemun tsami

Wani sosai da aka sani, kuma yana da fadi da ikon yinsa, daga aikace-aikace m kira Aeronautical yi lemun tsami da kuma aka samu daga duwatsu wato alli, dolomite, farar ƙasa da farar ƙasa. Babban oxide shi yana iya zama daban-daban, dangane da iska na lemun tsami za a iya raba dolomite, magnesian, alli. All uku jinsin su ne, kona a makera farar ƙasa m asalin.

Air iya zama lemun tsami ko quicklime ko slaked (ko hydrate). A karshen an kafa a lokacin da blanking daya daga cikin uku sama.

Idan ka duba a data kasance lemun tsami ƙungiya, za ka iya yi da shi zuwa ga Komkova ko foda. Quicklime ne isasshe manyan porous lumps. A lokacin quenching da ruwa shi ne kafa daga lemun tsami putty. Domin "samun" daga Komkova lemun tsami foda, kamata samar da hydration tsari (quenching), ko kara lumps. Ana iya amfani da a matsayin Additives, kuma ba tare da su. Additives kuma zama a matsayin slag, aiki ma'adanai da kuma ma'adini yashi asalin.

Duk da simintin

Wadannan littattafai - plaster, kuma aka sani da gypsum. An samar da zalunta thermally murƙushe gypsum. Gypsum solidifies, wucewa uku matsakaici lokaci kunshi da shi, ya bi ta hanyar rushe sa'an nan kolloidatsiey crystallization. Lokacin wucewa mataki na farko, wani cikakken bayani na dihydrate gypsum. Hardening, shi yana faɗaɗa da kuma zama mai santsi fari surface.

Da ake ji pigments iya ba articles na wani launi simintin gypsum. A saitin tsari na m kullum yana farawa bayan wani lapse na 4 minti daga farko na hadawa. Karshen solidification daukan wuri a cikin kewayon daga 6 zuwa 30 minutes daga baya.

A kan aiwatar da curing da cakuda gypsum da ruwa mix da RAM da shi da aka haramta a domin kauce wa hadarin asarar nauyin halaye. gypsum brands akwai mutane da yawa, suna denoted da daban-daban lambobi, characterizing mataki na compressive ƙarfi.

An sayar kunsasshen a jaka na daban-daban masu girma dabam. Gypsum aka yi amfani da mafi yadu a cikin ciki na gidaje da jama'a gine-gine. Daga shi na dogon lokaci dauka don Mould da dama curly siffar. Ci gaba da shi ya zama na musamman a bushe daki, tare da iyaka shiryayye rai saboda yiwu asarar ƙarfi a matsayin farko amfani quality.

Kuma mafi game da simintin

Gina plaster kama wani foda launi daga m ga mai haske fari. Idan Mix shi da ruwa, halayyar dauki fara, da cakuda shi ne mai tsanani. A gypsum aka dauka don ƙara musamman kayan, kira a matsayin riƙewa AIDS, da manufar wanda - don inganta daidaito da kuma riko a lokacin plastering da kuma dan kadan mika lokaci na hardening.

Don kara yawan kayan ba tare da asarar Properties, an gudanar da fillers (msl, kumbura perlite, ko Mica). Musamman high-ƙarfi gypsum an calcined a high yanayin zafi a crystal ruwa an cire daga shi. Wa'adinsa hardening ya karu zuwa 20 hours, da kuma taurin ne sosai fi da cewa da sauran iri.

Filastar impregnated ba a marmara (mai haske fari, sannu a hankali hardening da kuma amfani ga plastering ciki saman), tare da yi na daban-daban gabatar a cikin shi fillers kuma riƙe AIDS. Babban batu na mafi yawan wadannan Additives - bauta a matsayin retarder. Domin tsirar ta ciki filastocin shirya a plaster inji tare da yiwu Bugu da kari na wasu fillers, kamar yashi.

Daga wannan an samu drywall ko plaster gini allon, gypsum ma da ake amfani da ciko gidajen abinci tsakanin su. Sau da yawa gypsum putty da ciwon kama Properties.

Magana game da cements

Abin da sauran kaddarorin ne na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa binders? A tsari na hardening, wanda ya fara a cikin iska, na shimfiɗa a ruwa, da kuma da ƙarfi wanda aka kiyaye shi da kuma ko da kara. Hankula kuma mafi yawan sanannun wakilan da iyali na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa binders ne, ba shakka, cements. Suna labeled dangane da ƙarfin da iri da wani samfurin da aka ƙaddara da kafa load iyaka a kan lankwasawa da kuma matsawa. Haka kuma, kowane daga cikin samfurori dole ne a sanya a cikin sami rabo daga ciminti da yashi da kuma wuce wani gwajin lokaci ne 28 days.

Speed saitin sumunti, ma, na iya zama daban-daban - jinkirin, al'ada ko azumi. Hakazalika, dangane da kudi na hardening iya zama wani talakawa sumunti, high-farkon ko karin sauri saitin.

A matsayin misali, wannan kungiya za a iya kira Portland sumunti, wanda ya wanzu a matsayin lafiya launin toka foda da kadan greenish tint zuwa yiwu gabatarwar Additives, wanda zai iya zama na granulated slag (slag).

Game da hardening rate

ingancin da gwajin (da kuma masana'antu) binders gudanar a yarda da m matsayin. Ga kowane daga cikin data kasance kungiyoyin tsara iyaka ƙaddara da dokokin da kafa da farko da kuma karshen, kirgawa daga lokacin da hadawa da ruwa.

Wani ciminti - Aluminous - yana nufin da sauri-hardening na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa m. A ra'ayi na wannan lafiya foda na launin ruwan kasa, da launin toka, greenish ko baki (dangane da aiki hanya da wurin farawa aka gyara). Bisa ga fineness shi ne dan kadan fi Portland sumunti da kuma bukatar da ɗan fi girma girma na ruwa.

Mixed iri binders - mãsu iya taurara da kuma a cikin iska, da kuma wani mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici da kuma ake amfani da a samar da wani maras karfafa kankare ko turmi.

Bitumen kuma su ikon yinsa,

Amma ga mafi mashahuri Organic binders, su iyali hada da wani iri-iri na bitumen da kwalta, tare da launuka jere daga baki zuwa duhu launin ruwan kasa. Traditional yanki a cikinsa, irin binders aka yi amfani, - da waterproofing yi. Wannan shiri abu ne ruwa resistant, mai hana ruwa, resistant zuwa weathering da kuma musamman na roba. Laushi da kuma canja wurin da ruwa Jihar wannan kungiya na iya zama binders dumama. Tare da ragewa da zazzabi, su danko ƙaruwa da za a iya gaba daya rasa.

Wannan kungiyar da yafi kunshi bitumens na halitta asali, da kuma samu ta hanyar refining man fetur. Su sinadaran abun da ke ciki - fili kwayoyin na oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur da nitrogen. A yi man bitumen bukatar (ruwa, m da kuma Semi-m).

Bisa ga dalili, kamar yadda suka za a iya dangana ga daya daga uku kungiyoyin - yin rufi, yi ko hanya. Daga yin rufi tattalin impregnating abun da ke ciki yin rufi abu da kuma samar da wani yawa daban-daban mastics.

Industrial bitumen m da elastically durum nuna high-injin refining Hanyar tare da ƙarin matakai, a da man fetur tafasa a high yanayin zafi. Musamman resistant don zafi da sanyi suna dauke bambanci oxidised. Akwai ma gaurayawan na bitumen da polymers influencing da mataki na danko. A halayyar alama na duk yake da ikon canja da daidaito, dangane da yawan zafin jiki, tare da daban-daban bulan iya sauyawa akai-akai. Ya dogara ne m kaddarorin da iyali na bituminous binders.

Abin da suka kasance m

The fadada rabo daga bitumen karkashin high zazzabi daukan hotuna kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da ma'adinai abu ne 20-30 sau mafi girma. M da ingancin - ruwa juriya, da juriya ga salts, alkalis, acid da kuma lalatattu effluents. Kamar yadda wani misali iya zama gishiri, wanda aka yafa masa uwa tituna a hunturu snow ya narke.

Rage juriya bitumens kwayoyin kaushi, mai kuma fats, daga haske, zafi, iska oxygen, wanda oxidize su bangaren sassa. Lokacin da mai tsanani, m barbashi ƙafe, da kuma surface taurare bitumen.

A abũbuwan amfãni da wani low flammability, watau abu ba ya kasance a flammable. Petroleum asphalts ba cutarwa ga kiwon lafiya da kuma ba su kebanta da wadannan. Daga cikin sauran Properties, za ka iya magana game da thermoviscous, high rufi, mai kyau wetting.

Taurin bitumen tsayar da zurfin shigar azzakari cikin farji daga cikin allura nutsa cikin su (shi ne auna a hundredths na wani millimeter) da bisa al'ada kaya na wani lokaci a cikin wani musamman zazzabi. A mi} a mulki tsakanin m da ruwa jiha a su ne da zamiya da kuma aka ƙaddara da softening nufi a low yanayin zafi. Bugu da kari, suna halin da ake kira gazawar batu - wannan lokaci a samansu da yawan zafin jiki a da bitumen Layer bendable fasa ko karya.

sauran kayan

Abin da sauran binders kwayoyin asalin za a iya kira? Carbonaceous pekami wakiltar wani danko sosai, ko m baki abu da kuma hidima da samfurin barasan na kwalta impregnated yin rufi. Wannan abu ne quite m, kuma a lamba tare da fata zai iya sa konewa. Aiki mafi kyau da shi m kwana ko a low haske.

Coal kwalta ne mai abu 'yanci a matsayin wata byproduct na coke samar. Ya samu da aikace-aikace a samar da mastic domin yin rufi da kuma gina hanya.