Companion - wani tsari ... da kalmar "aboki". Mu'amala da 'yan'uwanmu jama'a, aboki

The kalmar "aboki" - shi ne daya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da sunaye Rasha harshe. Duk da haka, da babban darajar ƙara 'yan karin a karshe shẽkara ɗari. Menene su da abin da yake da bambanci tsakanin kalmomin "aboki", "aboki" da "dan kasa"?

Asalin kalmar

A cikin shimfiɗã ta na zamanin d Rasha na dogon lokaci akwai wani suna "aboki". Wannan sunan ya zo daga Turkic kalma tavar, wanda fassara zuwa "samfurin" (wani lokacin shanu ko wasu dukiya).

An yi imani da cewa, ainihin abokan kira yan kasuwa, kwarewa a sayar da daya da irin kaya. Amma to, don me etymology ya halartar irin wannan munanan canje-canje - An unknown.

Har ila yau, akwai mai mata irin kalmar "aboki" - a "tovarka". A cikin XIX karni. shi ne rayayye a yi amfani da magana. Duk da haka, a cikin zamani harshe, wannan suna da aka ba yadu amfani.

A gargajiya ma'anar kalmar "aboki"

Long kafin 1917 juyin juya halin gwarazansa kira mutane sõyayya a tsakãninsu da kowa zama ko aiki a kan wani batu.

Wannan kalma da aka zartar wa waɗanda suka yi karatu tare, tafiya ko m. A wannan batun, quite kowa ne m kari "abokin a masĩfa."

Duk da cewa a dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na 1917, da kalmar ya samu wani dan kadan daban-daban ma'anar, a yau shi ne sake amfani a cikin gargajiya ji.

Aboki da kuma abõkin haɗi: Mene ne bambanci

Duka wadannan sunaye ne synonymous, amma akwai sosai a bayyane bambanci tsakanin su.

Friends - mutane da alaka da juna kusa da dangantakar bisa juyayi, fahimta, selflessness, kuma ka dõgara. su sau da yawa rayuwa kusa ko suna koyo, wani lokacin aiki. Duk da haka, wadannan dalilai ne ba na asali, kamar yadda yake wani lokacin gaskiya abokai rayuwa ba kawai a cikin birane, amma kuma a kan mutum nahiyoyi.

Domin aminci, ba a bukatar wani jiki ko na zaman al'umma, yayin da manufar cinikayya ta bayar da. Ko mafi abokinsu ga aikin kuma sau da yawa ba zai iya zama wani aboki. Kuma ba domin ya na da wasu miyagun halaye, amma saboda rashin ruhaniya kusanci, duk da na kowa hanyar.

A gaskiya ma, cikin tafarkin aminci, kamar soyayya, suna inexplicable. Kuma abokai ne sau da yawa mutane na gaba daya daban-daban na zamantakewa strata (a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, misali, ya bayyana zumuncin da na dan Sarki Saul da David makiyayi).

Yana ba nadiri a lõkacin da aiki tare da wani mutum na gabatowa tare da shi, da kuma ya zama kamar wani aboki-aboki. Ko wannan matakin da dangantaka kai za a iya ƙaddara da wani sauki kula iznin. Idan lokaci na "rabuwa" mutane ci gaba da kiran up, to dace da ko da kashe lokaci tare - sa'an nan su a haɗe ba kawai abuta. Af, da magana daga Pushkin "daga abokai yi kome ba," da dangantaka mafi zuwa manufar cinikayya.

Wani sashi na m na wadannan Concepts ne gaskiya cewa suna "aboki" nasu ma'ana, ba su zartar da Kalmar "aboki". Wannan " 'yar'uwar" da "Panibratov". Bugu da kari, da sunan "bromance" (daga English wa romance) da aka buga a cikin farkon nineties don bayyana abota da ba-jima'i yanayi.

Wanda aka kira yan'uwansu a Soviet sau?

Tare da zuwan su ikon 'yan gurguzun da canji a cikin siyasar tsarin da Rasha Empire soke irin wannan magani kamar yadda "Sir / Madam", "Ranka ya daɗe / madam", "Ran ka ya dade", "your mafificin" da sauransu.

Don jaddada duniya daidaitaka, ba kawai a cikin zaman jama'a status, amma kuma ta jinsi, magani "aboki" da aka gabatar don duk.

A tarihin wannan darajar

A al'adar zuwa yi amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin magani fito bayan Faransa juyin juya halin. Bayan da kifar da daular mulkinsu da kuma lura da Faransa da Jamhuriyar akwai bukatar yin amfani da wani janar roko ga duk 'yan ƙasa, domin jaddada su daidaita. Asalinsu wannan kalma shi ne "dan kasa» (citoyen), amma shi ya ba da isasshen "sauyi" da kuma a 1790 aka maye gurbinsu da camarade (abõkin haɗi).

Maganar zama mai farin jini a antimonarchist da'irar tare da wani haske hannun Faransa. Saboda haka, mafi yawan Anarchist, kwaminisanci, gurguzu da kuma ko da zamantakewa-demokra] iyya da kungiyoyi na XIX karni. Shi ya fara amfani da shi a matsayin wani zance tsakanin membobinta.

Bayan zuwa ga ikon gurguzu a Rasha Empire, shi tsiwirwirinsu na aikin status. Af, a Nazi Jamus a hanya na lura da aka kama Parteigenosse (abõkin haɗi a cikin jam'iyyar).

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet a CIS magani "aboki" phased fita. A cikin Rasha Federation yau ake amfani maimakon "dan kasa" ko "Ubangiji". kuma a Ukraine - "The Citizen", "kwanon rufi".

Citizen, aboki: Mene ne bambanci

Ko da yake bayan da Faransa da kuma Oktoba juyin a Faransa da kuma Rasha wurare dabam dabam "dan kasa" da kuma "aboki" ya zama kusan synonymous, akwai wani gagarumin bambanci tsakanin su. Saboda haka, kowane dan kasa na iya zama wani aboki, amma ba kowane 'yan'uwanmu dan kasa.

Gaskiyar cewa 'yan ƙasa - suna persons har abada zaune a yankin ƙasar a wasu jihohi, suna zuwa ji dadin duk ta amfani da zamar masa dole ya yi dukkan ayyuka sanya musu da dokar. Babu wannan gata aboki ya aikata ba, saboda ta na iya zama dan kasa na wata kasa.

wadannan dabi'u zama kusa da juna a farkon na XX karni. saboda gaskiyar cewa sun kasance a yi amfani a matsayin hukuma roko zuwa da Tarayyar Soviet. The "aboki" ya mai da duniya roko ga maza da mata, yayin da suna "dan kasa" ya na mata - "jama'a."

Wane ne "aboki" na soja

Kamar yadda rudimentary kalma zauna a cikin soja da yawa CIS kasashe. Alal misali, a Rasha, Ukraine da Belarus, da suna "aboki" da aka yi amfani da matsayin dauri na aikin zagayawa cikin dukan darajõji. Bisa ga dokokin, shi ne ko da yaushe kara wa soja daraja - "Comrade Major."

Wane ne ya kira abokai

Bayan da biyu babba dabi'u, wannan lokaci ma yana da yawa wasu.

A cikin Rasha Empire kafin juyin juya hali, aboki kira wakilai, ko mataimakansa jami'ai. Har ila yau cinye a matsayin membobin wani kasuwanci da sha'anin - cinikayya.

Ukrainian Cossacks a XVII-XVIII ƙarni. Mun yi amfani da take da "rundunar aboki ', wanda aka kama da daraja na" ƙaho ". Har ila yau, akwai wani suna - "bunchukovy aboki" wanda bã hetmans da 'ya'ya maza foremen da kuma colonels. Af, bayan halakar Zaporizhzhya Sich zuriyarsa bunchukovyh gwarazansa samu wani Jaruman Nasara a Rasha Empire.

A Poland, a cikin tsohon gwarazansa kira m manya, wanda ya saye domin su kudi to kaya ayarinsa, kunsha na matalauta manya. Har ila yau, wannan kalma an yi kira ga daraja (leftana).

Tare da na kowa sunaye, akwai 'yan sunaye da nasu sunan. Alal misali, da haushi chetyrohmachtovy Lauriston, sake masa suna a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin "Comrade". Wannan jirgin da aka hallaka a 1943. Daga baya, an mai suna girmama na Jamus uku-masted barque Gorch Fock, sun gaji Tarayyar Soviet bayan da yaki.

Sunan shi ne a play Tovarich American marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo Roberta Shervuda, rubuta a 1935, shekaru biyu bayan da littafin da aka yin fim.

A 1970, mawaki O. Ivanov rubuta da song "Comrade" ( "Ina da wani song kamar yadda iska za ta cika da kasa game da yadda aboki tafi yaki ...") ga maganar A. Prokofiev.

Mafi shahara misalai na kalmar "abõkinsa"

Bugu da kari ga maras muhimmanci sentences with sunaye data ( "Muna da aboki daga institute a yau ya tafi tare da cinema"), akwai waɗanda suka yi dogon juya a cikin wani kama magana. Alal misali, a quote daga shirin na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet: "Man ga mutum - aboki, amini, kuma ɗan'uwanmu ne."

Game da amfani da kalmar a matsayin tunani, to, akwai da dama wasu misalai. A girmama na almara gwarzo na film "fursuna na Caucasus" An mai suna cin abinci a kan Dnieper - "Comrade CAAX".

Far fiye da daya jumla da kalmar "aboki" da aka samu a Soviet sau on daban-daban yakin posters. A hoton da ke ƙasa za ka iya ganin wani misali na daya daga cikinsu.

Magana a kan wannan batu, ba a ma maganar addini jumla da kalmar "aboki" na marubucin V. I. Lenina, wanda a yau ya zama wani satirical ma'anar.

Maganar da kanta ta wurin zamanai akwai ya kasance tabbatacce, amma saboda matsanancin hasashe to su a lokacin Soviet zamanin yau, shi ya sa mutane sosai m ƙungiyoyi. Za wannan canji a gani.