Fridrih Rattsel da babban ideas

A karshen karni na 19th, Fridrih Rattsel mamaye da kasa scene a Jamus. Da farko, ya na da hannu a cikin kimiyyar yanayin halitta, da kuma kimiyya da Duniya ya zama wata mahada tsakanin su da kuma nazari na mutum. Ya samu doctorate a ilmin dabbobi, binciken kasa da kuma kamanta Anatomy, kuma ya kasance wanda ya kafa anthropogeography.

Rattsel Fridrih: biography

An haife shi a 1844, Ratzel aka ilimi a dama Jamus jami'o'i. A 1872 ya ziyarci Italiya, da kuma Amurka da Mexico a 1874-75, bi da bi. Na yi tafiya zuwa Gabashin Turai da aiki a jami'o'i na Munich da Leipzig. A wani zamani na Darwin aka ƙwarai rinjayi da ka'idar juyin halitta. Ratzel amfani da waɗannan Concepts to al'ummar dan Adam. Kafin shi, da kafuwar din labarin kasa aza Alexander von Humboldt, da kuma na yankin - Carl Ritter. Paschel da Richthofen kayyade da ka'idodi na tsanaki nazari daga cikin siffofin wannan duniya tamu.

Fridrih Rattsel farko idan aka kwatanta da rayuwa na daban-daban kabilu da mutane, kuma ta haka ne alama farkon din da bincike a fagen tattalin arziki labarin kasa. Yana da sha'awar a cikin kabilanku, jinsi da kasashe, da kuma bayan da filin bincike coined da Kalmar "anthropogeography", ta kwatanta shi a matsayin babban shugabanci na nazari na Duniya. Ratzel ya ɓullo da Ritter ta labarin kasa, rarraba shi a cikin anthropological da kuma siyasa.

Fame samu ya kwayoyin ka'idar da ke jihar (ko rai sarari lebensraum), a cikin abin da ya idan aka kwatanta shi da juyin halitta mai rai kwayoyin.

Bakan'ane Jamus

Ratzel, wani masanin bambancin bincike bukatun, ya nuna jin Bakan'ane. A farkon da Franco-Prussian War of 1870, ya shiga cikin sahu na Prussian sojojin da yãƙi aka raunata sau biyu. Bayan Jamus daidaituwa a 1871, ya sadaukar da kansa ga yin nazarin salon na Jamus zaune a ƙasashen waje. Don yin wannan, ya ziyarci Hungary da kuma Transylvania. Ya tafi a kan aikinsa, kuma a 1872, bayan tsallaka da Alps, ziyarci Italiya.

Jobs in America

A cikin shekaru 1874-75 Fridrih Rattsel tattaki zuwa {asar Amirka da Mexico, haka fadada ikon yinsa, na da gudanar da bincike. A Amurka, ya karanci ilmin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da kuma tsarin mazauninsu na 'yan asalin mutane da kuma kabilu, musamman da rai na Indiyawan. Bugu da kari, ya fizge su da hankali ga baƙar fata da kuma Sin da suke zaune a tsakiyar ɓangare na Amurka, a tsakiyar yamma, da kuma California. Bisa bincike, ya yi kokarin kirkiro wasu janar Concepts game da Gwargwadon regularities lalacewa ta hanyar sadarwa tsakanin mafadaci fadada da mãsu bãyar da bãya kungiyoyin na mutane.

Fridrih Rattsel: anthropogeography

1875 A, bayan kammala karatu a Amurka da Mexico, ya koma zuwa Jamus, da kuma 1876 a aka nada farfesa ne, a Jami'ar Leipzig. A 1878 da kuma 1880 ya buga littattafai biyu a North America, alaka ta zahiri da kuma al'adu labarin kasa.

A littafin, bayan da ta Jamus masanin zama sananne a ko'ina cikin duniya, da aka kammala tsakanin 1872 da kuma 1899 shekaru. Fridrih Rattsel asali ideas fizge daga bincike na da tasiri na daban-daban na jiki halaye na ƙasa da kuma hanyar da mutane rayuwa. A farko girma na "anthropogeography" shi ne wani binciken da dangantaka tsakanin mutum da ƙasa, da kuma na biyu - da nazarin da tasiri a kan muhalli. Ratzel ta aiki ya dogara ne a kan manufar da cewa mutum aiki ne m da ta jiki yanayi. A cikin wannan takarda marubucin nazarin adam labarin kasa cikin sharuddan mutane da kuma jinsi. A cewar shi, da al'umma ba zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa dakatar a cikin iska. Bisani, ya dispelled wasu kaddara na ka'idarsa cewa, mutanen da hannu a wasan da yanayi, da kuma yanayi ne da wani abokin tarayya, ba wani bawan mutum aiki.

Ratzel Darwin yayi amfani da manufar al'ummar dan Adam. Wannan misalin ya nuna cewa kungiyoyin na mutane da fafitikar da tsira a wasu wurare kamar shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Wannan dabarar da aka sani da "zaman Darwiniyanci." Ratzel ya da asali falsafar "rayuwa da fittest" a cikin jiki yanayi.

farfaganda na sojojin kasar

A 1890 ya rayayye bayar da shawarwari kãmun Jamus kasashen waje yankuna da kuma gina ta sojojin ruwa iya kalubalantar Birtaniya. Da ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana sarari abubuwan da Darwin ta gwagwarmayar rayuwa. A daidai da "dokokin" na yankin girma su bunƙasa, jihar kamata a fadada, da "mafi girma siffofin da wayewa kamata a fadada a kudi na ƙananan." Wadannan dokokin sun zato halitta, ba cikin 'yan daidaituwa na Jamus, Inter-jihar kishi a Turai (General Schlieffen ya riga ya ɓullo da wani shirin mamaye France) da kuma tasowar dauloli (Afirka da aka raba a Berlin Conference a 1884-85 years). Ya dubi Ratzel amsa da yankin da'awar daga cikin kasar. Bayan mutuwarsa kuma yakin duniya na farko Jamus geopolitics farfado anthropogeography ideas don gamsar da nasu burinsu da kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, ayyukansa aka la'anta Birtaniya da kuma Amirka, masana kimiyya.

Dama zuwa rayuwa sarari

A 1897, Fridrih Rattsel rubuta "siyasa labarin kasa", a cikin abin da ya kwatanta a jihar tare da jiki. Masana kimiyya jayayya da cewa shi ne, kamar wasu sauki kwayoyin dole ne ko dai girma ko ya mutu, kuma ba zai taba tsaya har yanzu. Fridriha Rattselya ka'idar "rai sarari" ya generated shawara game da fifiko da kuma na baya jinsi, iƙirarin cewa sosai raya al'ummai da hakkin ya fadada da ƙasa ( "rai sarari") a kudi na kasa da suka ci gaba makwabta. Ya kayyade ra'ayi, yana mai cewa da tsawo na jihar sãsanninta a kudi na rauni ne a gani na ta na ciki iko. A mafi girma a kasar ta yanke hukuncin da baya da baya al'ummai, yi halitta bukata. Saboda haka, Fridrih Rattsel, wanda geopolitics rinjãya a Jamus a cikin thirties, ya gudummawar da barkewar yakin duniya na biyu.

Akayi na ci gaba jama'a

Tattauna rinjayar da jiki yanayi a kan mutum, Jamus anthropogeography jãyayya da cewa al'ummar dan Adam ya cigaban a saukarwa. Lalle ne, waɗanda matakai su ne:

• farauta da kama kifi.
• fartanya al'ada.
• nõmansa,
• gauraye noma a wadda noma da dabba husbandry ne gauraye.
• unmixed dabba husbandry.
• amfanin gona.

Ya, duk da haka, ya ce ba lallai ba ne abin da al'ummar duniya ratsa wannan matakai na tattalin arziki.

Unity a Diversity

A waɗannan kwanaki, da aka samu wani gagarumin karuwa a cikin ilmi da bayanai; data zo a cikin manyan yawa daga daban-daban kusurwa ta duniya. Kowane yankin ne halin nasu jiki yanayi ne hanyoyi daban-daban na samar da rayuwa styles. Ratzel kokarin gina wani "muhimman hakkokin hadin kai a bambancin".

A Jamus masanin kimiyya ya gani haihuwar da tattaunawa game da dichotomy tsakanin jiki da kuma tattalin arziki labarin kasa. Masana, irin su Dzhordzh Dzherald, ya yi ĩmãni da cewa wannan kimiyya hulda tare da nazari na duniya a matsayin dukan ba tare da tunani da mutum. Sun yi imani da cewa daidai dokokin da za a iya kafa idan wani mutum da aka cire daga shi, kamar yadda hali ne musamman unpredictable. Ratzel ya sa a gaba a m ra'ayi, furta jiki labarin kasa na yankin na kimiyya, a cikin abin da wani mutum na da muhimmanci kashi. Ya sa a gaba da manufa na hadin kai a bambancin, cewa a wani iri-iri na muhalli da yanayi da mutum cewa ko da yaushe ya yi daidai, sai su fahimci yanayin da harsashi na Duniya wajibi ne haduwa da dama na halitta da kuma al'adu mamaki.

Rungumar, zamu iya cewa aikin Ratzel sun hayayyafa, musamman idan akai la'akari samar da adadin da suka ilimi muhawara a garesu na Atlantic. Outlook na masanin kimiyya ta hanyar koyarwarsa kuma gudanar da bincike ikon mamaye shekaru da dama.