Gothic

Gothic - zamanin a cikin ci gaban na da Turai art, wanda ya fara a 1140 a Ile-de-France (Paris da kuma yankin da suke kewaye da shi), kuma ci gaba har sai game 1500-1550 shekaru, bada hanya zuwa Renaissance. Wannan ne mafi fili bayyana a cikin Gothic gine da kuma akwai gilashi windows, amma kuma a cikin sassaka, zanen, murals, hasken rubuce-rubucen.

Daya daga cikin mafi bayyanar style samfurori - Notre Dame a Paris (Notre Dame-de Paris).

A gaskiya, da gine-gine na cewa lokaci ne sakamakon wani aikin injiniya matsala. Yadda za a rufe manyan saman a high tsawo da dutse? Ko da yake mafi yawan majami'u da farkon tsakiyar zamanai ya ceilings rufe da itace, da yawa gine-gine sun dutse Semi-cylindrical vaults (zagaye baka) ko hakarkarinsa makwancin gwaiwa. Ganuwar da aka gina dole sosai lokacin farin ciki, za su iya jure waje mamayewa, da kananan windows - yana da fasali da cewa halin da Romanesque style.

Gothic samo asali musamman cikin gine-gine, tare da yi a cikin 1130 a Abbey Church of St. Denis.

Godiya ga m gwaje-gwajen da gine-ginen, da 1110 ta, ya juya don yada garu (a kan gyara), da ake ji more "mobile" abubuwa a cikin kungiyar na sarari - misali, nuna arches, yana da bambanci da madauwari ƙananan gefen goyon bayan cewa ba su damar sauƙi daidaita to windows na daban-daban nisa da tsawo. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a tsarin da aka ɓullo da dutse sa na hakarkarinsa don rarraba da nauyin da shafi, da ɗaukar ƙasa don duniya, dutse arches iya daidai da za a yi wuta da kuma sirara.

A bude ganuwar sanya manyan windows. A 1170-ies, wanda yana da muhimmanci sosai, yawo buttresses fara bayyana (m tsarẽwa baka, irin buttresses), karfi hade da Gothic gine. Tashi buttresses tsarin yana da biyu key aka gyara: mai kauri tsaye block masonry (support) daga waje na ginin da kuma segmental baka kansu ko kawar da rata tsakanin goyan baya, da garun.

Gothic style ga rarraba, daidai da uku na asali lokaci: farkon (ko Faransanci Gothic), balagagge (ko high gothic), kuma daga baya, haka ake kira "babbaka" Gothic.

Sunan "Gothic" (daga Italian kalmar "Gothic" - m, barbarous) da aka bai wa al'ada a zamanin da Renaissance m da kuma sharhi na art Dzhordzho Vazari. Saboda haka, sai ya bayyana ƙabĩlanci style, gwada shi da tsoho art. Hakika, a yau kwana na son zuciya kima na Vasari riga babu wanda aka raba, amma sunan da aka kafa da kyau, sannu-sannu halittarsu, rasa wani mummunan overtone. A cikin Renaissance, Gothic art aka kira more a matsayin "Jamus style" - definition, kuma mallakar Vasari.

Ya kamata a gane cewa saboda Goethe ayyukan kishin Jamus gine-gine, shi gaske da aka sani a matsayin kasa art, kazalika a wasu sauran ƙasashe. Wannan ya nuna revaluation da kuma amincewa da na da art.

Tare da girma amincewa gine-ginen a arewacin Faransa, kuma nan da nan cikin Turai, gasar a wani irin tseren ga ci na duwatsu. Kowane sa na sabon babban coci, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ya kamata zama ya fi 'yan mita, fiye da da magabata.

A tsawo daga cikin ciki na babban coci da shugaban Kirista ra'ayin - fatan wani farin ciki tashi daga duniya duniya da samaniya duniya.

Gothic gine aka bayyana a cikin manufa. Sassaka dauke da daura da shi, a kalla a farkon matakai. A cikin facades na manyan majami'u, musamman a kusa da portal, mu ci gaba da yi girma kuge, amma a kusa da su shirya layuka na sculptures.

Fice da kwarewa Littafi gine da kuma arziki akwai gilashi windows, wani lokacin rufe dukan tsawo daga cikin ginin. Ado da scenes daga Littafi Mai Tsarki, tarihin rayuwa tsarkaka, Figures na annabawa, da sauran addini personages, stained-gilashi windows kasance babban muradi a ji na babban coci a matsayin fayyace na bangaskiyar Kirista. A lokacin da goma sha uku karni, mai m alama a mafi babban coci ne monumental window- "Rose", a kan wanda aka nuna a cikin cibiyar Allah, Iisus Hristos, da Virgin Mary kewaye da Cosmos.

A cikin marigayi 14th karni, a jira na Renaissance, Gothic samu wasu wadanda mutane fasali. Daya daga cikin mafi girma da wakilan wannan zamani ne Simone Martini.

Fiye da 400-shekara lokacin da Gothic tsinkãyi duk siffofin art. Shamrocks, ya nuna arches, wasu gine-gine da kayan ado bayyana a cikin metalwork, liturgical tasoshi, da kaburburan, da arziki na ruhaniya da riguna, masu daraja diptych, kazalika da wadanda mutane na'urorin haɗi - furniture, jita-jita.