Hanyar hanyoyin gwaji da kuma kwatanta su. Gwaran gwaje-gwajen Black-box da gwajin gwaji

Gwaji software (SW) gane gibba, shortcomings da kurakurai a cikin code cewa bukatar da za a magance. Yana kuma iya iya bayyana a matsayin aiwatar da kimantawa da ayyuka da kuma correctness na software da taimakon da bincike. Basic hanyoyin da hadewa da kuma gwaji na software aikace-aikace da kuma tabbatar da ingancin shi ne ya gwada da jaddadawa, zane da kuma coding, AMINCI kima, Ingancin da tabbaci.

hanyoyin

Babban manufar software gwaji - tabbaci na ingancin software tsarin ta hanyar din debugging aikace-aikace a karkashin hankali sarrafawa yanayi domin sanin su cikawa da kuma daidaito, kazalika da ganewa na boye kurakurai.

The hanyoyin da tabbaci (gwaji) da shirye-shirye za a iya raba a tsaye da kuma tsauri.

Tsohon hada da na yau da kullum, da lura da kuma fasaha review, dubawa, mataki-mataki analysis, auditing, kazalika da rikicewar data kwarara bincike da kuma management.

Dynamic dabaru ne:

1. White akwatin gwaji. Wannan shi ne cikakken binciken da ciki dabaru da kuma tsarin da shirin. Wajibi ne a ilimi na tushen code.
2. Black akwatin gwaji. Wannan dabara ba ya bukatar wani ilmi game da ciki gudanar da aikace-aikace. Mun la'akari kawai da asali al'amurran da tsarin, ba alaka ko dangantaka da 'yan na ciki ma'ana tsarin.
3. Gray akwatin Hanyar. Yana hadawa biyu baya hanyoyin. Debugging da saninka a game da ciki aiki na aikace-aikace da aka hada tare da sanin asali al'amurran da tsarin.

m gwaji

A farin akwatin Hanyar yin amfani da gwajin rubutun sarrafa tsarin da procedural zane. Wannan dabara damar bayyana aiwatar da kurakurai, kamar matalauta management code tsarin da nazarin wani ɓangare na ciki gudanar da software. Wadannan hanyoyin su ne gwajin zartar da hadewa, module da kuma tsarin matakan. A magwajin dole ne su sami damar zuwa lambar tushe da kuma amfani da shi don gano abin da naúrar behaves inappropriately.

Gwaji da shirye-shirye da fari-akwatin yana da wadannan abũbuwan amfãni:

• Yana da damar ya gane wani kuskure a boye code ta cire ba dole ba Lines.
• da yin amfani da gefen-effects.
• Matsakaicin ɗaukar hoto da aka samu ta hanyar rubutu da wani gwajin rubutun.

disadvantages:

• high-kudin tsari, bukata gwani debugger.
• da yawa hanyoyin kasance unexplored saboda sosai rajistan shiga na duk yiwu boye kurakurai ne sosai hadaddun.
• wasu daga cikin code za a wuce kada a gane shi.

White akwatin gwaji ne, wani lokacin ake magana a kai ta hanyar yin gwajin wani m ko bude akwatin, tsarin, ma'ana gwaji, dangane da tushen code, kuma dabaru gine.

Babban iri:

1) gwajin da ya kwarara iko - tsarin da dabarun yin amfani da shirin kula da kwarara model, kuma kamar yadda na fi son karin sauki hanyoyin da za a m more hadaddun.

2) A reshe da aka tsara don nazarin debugging kowane wani zaɓi (gaskiya ko karya) na kowane iko sadarwarka, wanda kuma ya hada da wani hada bayani.

3) gwaji na babban hanya, wanda damar da magwajin kafa ma'ana ganewar da awo procedural aikin for isolating wani tushe sa na kisa hanyoyi.

4) dubawa da data rafi - kwarara iko dabarun bincike da Sidewiki ƙidaya bayanai game da tallan da kuma amfani da shirin canji.

5) hawan keke na gwaji - cikakken mayar da hankali a kan daidai aiki na cyclic tafiyar matakai.

halayya debugging

Black akwatin gwaji ya bi da software a matsayin "black akwatin" - bayanai game da ciki gudanar da shirin ba kidaya, da kuma bari kawai na asali al'amurran da tsarin. A wannan yanayin, da magwajin bukatar ya san da tsarin gine-gine ba tare da samun damar zuwa lambar tushe.

Amfanin irin wannan dabarar:

• yadda ya dace domin manyan code kashi.
• 'yanci na ji magwajin.
• mai amfani hangen zaman ne a fili a rabu da developer ra'ayoyi (shirye-shiryen da magwajin ne mai zaman kanta da juna).
• mafi m halittar gwajin.

Gwaji software baki akwatin Hanyar yana da wadannan disadvantages:

• Lalle ne ya yi zaži yawan gwajin lokuta, sakamakon iyaka ɗaukar hoto;
• rashin bayyananne jaddadawa wuya wajen samar da gwajin rubutun.
• low yadda ya dace.

Sauran sunayen da wannan fasahar - halayya, wadanda ba m, aikin gwaji da kuma debugging Hanyar rufaffiyar akwatin.

Wannan category iya hada wadannan software gwaji dabaru:

1) daidai da shãmaki, wanda za a iya rage sa na gwajin data kamar shigar da software a koyaushe data rushe a cikin raba sassa.

2) iyaka darajar bincike mayar da hankali a kan tabbaci na iyakoki ko matsananci iyaka dabi'u - da ƙaramar, matsakaicin, kuma hankula dabi'u na kuskure;

3) fuzzing - yi amfani da su aiwatar da bincike ta hanyar inputting kurakurai ko gurbace data poluiskazhennyh a atomatik ko Semi-atomatik yanayin.

4) kirga na causality - wata dabara dangane da halittar jadawalai da kuma kayyade dangantaka tsakanin mataki da ta dalilai: ainihi, negation, ma'ana OR da ma'ana da kuma - da hudu babban haruffa, ya nuna dangantaka tsakanin dalili da kuma sakamako.

5) Verification na orthogonal iri-iri amfani da matsaloli tare da mun gwada da kananan shigar da yankin wucewa da yiwuwar iyakarsa bincike;

6) gwajin dukan nau'i-nau'i - wata dabara inda wani sa na gwajin dabi'u qunshi duk yiwu binary haduwa da kowane biyu na shigar da sigogi.

7) debugging jihar mika mulki - da wata dabara da amfani ga dubawa da matsayi na na'ura, kazalika da su kewaya ta hanyar da Gui mai amfani.

Black akwatin gwaji: Misalan

black-akwatin m dogara ne a kan dalla-dalla, takardun, da kuma kwatancin da software ke dubawa ko tsarin. Bugu da kari, za ka iya amfani da model (m, ko na wasa), wakiltar da ana tsammanin hali na software.

Yawanci, wannan hanya da ake amfani da debugging mai amfani da ke dubawa da kuma bukatar hulda da aikace-aikace da gabatar da wani data tarin da kuma sakamakon - daga allo, daga rahotanni, ko kuma printouts.

A magwajin, saboda haka, interacts tare da software ta inputting, da mukaddashin a kan sauya, mashiga ko wasu musaya. A zabi na shigar da bayanai, da tsari na gwamnati ko jerin ayyuka za su iya kai wa ga wata babbar total number of haduwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wadannan misali.

Yadda yawa gwaje-gwaje bukatar sa domin duba duk yiwu dabi'u ga 4 windows flag da kuma daya-kashe filin, saita lokaci a seconds? A farko wurin lissafi ne mai sauki: 4 filayen da biyu yiwu jihohin - 24 = 16, wanda dole ne a yi ta tara da yawan yiwu matsayi daga 00 zuwa 99, Ina nufin 1600 yiwu gwaje-gwaje.

Duk da haka, wannan lissafi shi ne ba daidai ba: za mu iya sanin cewa biyu-aya filin iya ƙunsar sarari, watau shi kunshi biyu alphanumeric matsayi da zai iya hada alphanumeric characters, musamman haruffa, sarari, da dai sauransu, saboda haka idan .... tsarin ne a 16-bit kwamfuta, kunna 216 = 65536 daya ga kowane matsayi a cikin resultant 4294967296 gwajin lokuta da suke zuwa su yawaita ta 16 haduwa da flags cewa ba a total na 68.719.476 736. to, idan sun yi a 1 gwajin da na biyu, jimlar Ci gaba olzhitelnost gwaji ne 2 177.5 shekaru. Ga 32 ko 64-bit tsarin, da tsawon fi.

Saboda haka akwai bukatar a rage wannan lokaci zuwa wani m matakin. Saboda haka, dabaru ya kamata a yi amfani da rage yawan gwajin lokuta ba tare da rage ikon yinsa, daga gwaji.

daidaitawa partitioning

The m bangare ne mai sauki Hanyar cewa shi ne m ga wani canji da suke ba a cikin software, ko shigar ko fitarwa dabi'u, m, Tazarar, da sauransu. Yana dogara ne a kan manufa da cewa duk data daga daya kwatankwacin bangare za a iya bi wannan hanya da ta wannan umarnin.

A lokacin gwaji, zabi daya wakilin kowane musamman daidaitawa bangare. Wannan ba ka damar tsare rage yawan yiwu gwajin lokuta ba tare da asarar ɗaukar hoto na dokokin da kuma ayyuka.

Wata illar wannan partitioning ne don rage combinatorial fashewa tsakanin daban-daban canji da kuma hade akan rage gwajin lokuta.

Alal misali, a (1 / x) ^1/2 amfani uku data jerin, uku m bangare:

1. Duk tabbatacce lambobin za a bi da a wannan hanya, kuma ya kamata ba daidai sakamakon.

2. All korau lambobin suna abar kulawa a cikin wannan hanya tare da wannan sakamakon. Wannan ba daidai bane, domin tushen wani mummunan lambar ne kirkirarrun.

3. Zero za a abar dabam da kuma ba da kuskure "rabo da sifili". Wannan shi ne wani sashe da guda darajar.

Saboda haka, mu gani uku jinsin sassan, daya daga wanda an rage zuwa guda darajar. Akwai daya "daidai" sashe, wanda ya bada dogara da sakamakon, kuma biyu "ba daidai ba" da ba daidai ba da sakamakon.

Iyakar darajar analysis

Processing a kan iyakar da m partitioning za a iya yi daban fiye da sa ran. Binciken na da iyaka dabi'u - a sanannun hanya na nazarin da hali na software a waɗannan wurare. Wannan dabara ya sa ya yiwu a gano irin wannan kurakurai:

• rashin iya amfaninka na da zumunci aiki (<,>, =, ≠, ≥, ≤).
• guda kuskure.
• matsaloli a hawan keke da kuma iterations,
• ba daidai ba iri ko size of canji amfani ga adanar bayanai;
• wucin gadi gazawar hade da bayanai iri da kuma canji.

translucent gwaji

m akwatin Hanyar qara gwajin ɗaukar hoto, za ka iya mayar da hankali a kan duk wuya matakan da tsarin ta hanyar hade da baki da fari dabaru.

Amfani da wannan dabara, da magwajin ga ci gaban da gwajin dabi'u kamata da ilmi na ciki data Tsarin da lissafi mai tsauri. Misalai na launin toka-akwatin gwaji hanyoyin su ne kamar haka:

• gine-gine da model.
• Kenan tallan kayan kawa Harshe (UML).
• Jihar model (guntun jihar inji).

A Hanyar da launin toka akwatin wajen samar da gwajin lokuta karatu kayayyaki a fari injiniya lambobin, da kuma ainihin gwajin da aka yi a kan musaya na baki fasahar shirye-shirye.

Wadannan gwajin hanyoyin da wadannan abũbuwan amfãni:

• hade da abũbuwan amfãni m fari da kuma baki kwalaye.
• Gwaji dogara ne a kan dubawa da kuma aikin jaddadawa, kuma ba da tushen code.
• debugger iya sa mai girma gwajin lokuta.
• rajistan shiga da aka yi daga cikin ra'ayi na mai amfani, ba da zanen da shirin.
• haifar da al'ada gwajin ci gaba;
• objectivity.

disadvantages:

• gwajin ɗaukar hoto da aka iyakance domin babu damar zuwa lambar tushe.
• da wuya daga cikin lahani a rarraba aikace-aikace;
• da yawa hanyoyi kasance unexplored.
• idan software developer ya kaddamar da gwajin, to, gudanar da bincike na iya zama fiye da kima.

Wani sunan ga m akwatin dabaru - translucent debugging.

Wannan category hada da irin hanyoyin da gwaji:

1) orthogonal tsararru - da yin amfani da tsarin cikin tsari na duk yiwu haduwa.

2) matrix debugging amfani da jihar na shirin data;

3) regressive dubawa gudanar a sabon canje-canje zuwa software.

4) template gwajin cewa nazarin da zane da kuma gine na mai kyau aikace-aikace.

Kwatanta software gwaji dabaru

A amfani da tsauri da hanyoyin kaiwa zuwa wani combinatorial fashewa da yawan gwaje-gwaje da cewa bukatar da za a ci gaba, a aiwatar da za'ayi. Kowane dabara da ya kamata a yi amfani da pragmatically, shan ta gazawa a cikin asusun.

The kawai gaskiya Hanyar ba ya wanzu, akwai kawai wadanda da su ne mafi alhẽri dace da takamaiman mahallin. Tsarin aikin injiniya da damar mu mu sami wani m ko yin qeta code, amma su ne hadaddun da ba su zartar da manyan shirye-shirye. Hanyar dangane da bayani dalla-dalla - ne kawai suke cewa suna iya gane bace code, amma ba za su iya gane wani mai zuwa na baya. Wasu dabaru ne mafi kyau ga wani musamman gwajin matakin, kuskure irin ko mahallin fiye da wasu.

Kasa ne babban bambanci tsakanin uku tsauri gwaji dabaru - an ba a kwatanta tebur tsakanin uku siffofin debugging software.

al'amari	The black akwatin Hanyar	Gray akwatin Hanyar	White-akwatin Hanyar
Availability na bayanai a kan abun da ke ciki na shirin	Nazarin ne kawai na asali al'amurran	M ilmi game da ciki tsarin da shirin	Cikakken samun lambar tushe
Degree na fragmentation na shirin	low	tsakiya	high
Wanda Ya ƙãga debugging?	Karshen masu amfani, testers da developers	Karshen masu amfani, developers da kuma debuggers	Developers da testers
tushe	Testing dogara ne a kan na waje gaggawa yanayi.	Zane-zane database, data kwarara zane-zane, Jihar ciki ilimi na algorithm da kuma gine	A ciki na'urar Masani ne
A mataki na ɗaukar hoto	Kadan m da kuma bukatar wani m lokaci	tsakiya	Wuraren da akwai mafi m. Lokaci-cinyewa
Data kuma ciki kan iyakokin	Cire kuskure ne kawai da shari'a da kuma kuskure	Za a iya bari da data domains da ciki kan iyakoki, idan sun an san	A mafi kyau gwajin data domains da ciki kan iyakokin
Suitability gwaji algorithm	babu	babu	Eh

aiki da kai

Atomatik hanyoyin da software gwaji ne da yawa rage wuya da aiwatar da dubawa, ko da kuwa da fasaha yanayi da kuma mahallin na. Suna amfani da biyu lokuta:

1) to sanya aiki da kai da tedious maimaita ko meticulous ayyuka kamar fayil kwatanta da dama dubu layuka domin saki lokacin taro na magwajin mafi muhimmanci da maki.

2) ga yin tracking ko ayyuka da cewa ba za a iya samun sauƙin yi da mutane kamar yi tabbaci ko analysis martani lokaci da cewa za a iya auna a hundredths na biyu ne.

Test kayan aikin da za a iya classified a hanyoyi daban-daban. A na gaba rabo dogara ne a kan ayyuka da suka goyi bayan:

• gwajin management, wanda ya hada da aikin gudanarwa da goyon baya, versions, jeri, hadarin analysis, gwajin tracking, kurakurai, lahani, da kuma bayar da rahoto kayayyakin aiki;
• bukatun management, wanda ya hada da ajiya da bukatun da kuma bayani dalla-dalla, duba su ga cikawa da kuma karkata, su fi mayar da hankali da kuma traceability na kowane gwajin.
• m review kuma a tsaye analysis, ciki har da kwarara saka idanu, da kuma ayyuka, da rikodi da kuma ajiya na comments, aibi ganewa da kuma shirya gyare-gyare management links to checklists da dokoki, da tracking sadarwa tushen takardun da code canzawa bincike don gane lahani, da tabbatar da yarda da matsayin da rubuce-rubuce code, bincike na Tsarin da dependencies, lissafi na awo sigogi na code da kuma gine. Bugu da kari, amfani da compilers, analyzers, janareto da kuma dangantakar da giciye-nassoshi.
• tallan kayan kawa, wanda ya hada da kayayyakin aiki, don yin tallan kayan kawa kasuwanci hali da kuma gwada model.
• gwajin ci gaban tabbatar da ƙarni na data sa ran a kan tushen da yanayi da kuma mai amfani da ke dubawa model da code, sarrafa halitta ko gyara files da kuma bayanai, saƙon, data Ingancin a kan tushen da dokoki na management, ilimin kididdiga da bincike na da yanayi da kuma kasada.
• wani m view ta shigar da bayanai ta hanyar zana mai amfani da ke dubawa, API, umurnin line amfani comparators taimakawa wajen gano nasara da kuma m gwaje-gwaje;
• support debugging yanayi da cewa ba ka damar maye gurbin m hardware ko software, a Vol. h. kwaikwaiyo kayan aiki dogara ne a kan niyya fitarwa tsarin cikin tsari, m emulators, wayoyin hannu da kuma cibiyar sadarwa kayan aiki, da yanayi domin dubawa harsuna, Tsarukan aiki da hardware da maye gurbin da samarwar aka gyara direba, ƙagagge kayayyaki, da dai sauransu, kazalika da kayayyakin aiki, don kamawa da kuma gyaggyarawa da OS buƙatun da CPU kwaikwaiyo da iyakancewa ba, RAM, ROM, ko cibiyar sadarwa .;
• .. A kwatanta data fayiloli, bayanai, duba da sa ran sakamakon lokacin da kuma bayan da gwajin ne cikakke, incl tsauri da kuma tsari kwatanta, Atomatik "bokanci".
• shafi aunawa don sarrafawa daga memory leaks da ba daidai ba ta kula da halayyar kimantawa tsarin karkashin abunda aka kwaikwaya kaya sa kaya aikace-aikace, bayanai, networks ko sabobin a idon basira labari na ci gaba for ji, bincike da kuma tabbaci daga tsarin albarkatun rahoton.
• tsaro.
• yi gwaji, kaya da kuma tsauri bincike.
• sauran kayan aikin, a Vol. h. duba kuskure da kuma ginin kalma, cibiyar sadarwa da tsaro, da samuwan kowane website shafukan da sauran.

hangen zaman

Tare da canza trends a cikin software masana'antu, da aiwatar da debugging ne ma batun sauya. Akwai sabon hanyoyin da software gwaji, kamar wani sabis-orientirovannae gine (Soa), mara waya fasahar, mobile sabis, da sauransu. E., Shin ya buɗe sababbin hanyoyi na gwaji software. Wasu daga cikin canje-canje da cewa ana sa ran a cikin masana'antu a kan gaba 'yan shekaru aka jera a kasa:

• testers zai samar da wani hur model cewa developers za su iya duba your code.
• ci gaba na gwaji hanyoyin, ciki har da Viewing kuma yin tallan kayan kawa da shirye-shirye a wani wuri mataki, zai kawar da yawa daga cikin saba wa juna.
• gaban mahara interceptions gwajin zai rage lokacin kuskure ganewa.
• A tsaye analyzer da kuma ganewa na nufin za a mafi yadu amfani.
• da yin amfani da ma'adinai matrices, kamar ɗaukar hoto na jaddadawa, da ikon yinsa, daga cikin model da code ɗaukar hoto zai ƙayyade ci gaban ayyukan;
• combinatorial kayan aikin ba da damar testers domin sanin fifiko yankunan for debugging.
• testers zai samar da wani karin da ilhama da kuma muhimmanci da sabis a ko'ina cikin software ci gaban tsarin.
• debuggers iya ƙirƙirar kayan aikin da software gwaji hanyoyin da aka rubuta a kuma hulda da dama shirye-shirye harsuna.
• Debugging masana za a mafi fasaha horar.

Za a maye gurbinsu da wani sabon kasuwanci-daidaitacce software gwaji hanyoyin, don canja hanyar hulda da tsarin da kuma bayanai da suka samar yayin da rage kasada da kuma kara da amfanin da kasuwanci canje-canje.