International reserves na Rasha Federation da su girma

A cikin harkokin siyasa da kuma kudi halin da ake ciki a kasar a kan duniya mataki taka muhimmiyar rawa duniya reserves. Rasha, a cikin wannan ma'ana ne aka gudanar barga a saman goma, ko da yake kai tsaye dogara da reserves a kan farashin man.

Tabbatar da dalilin da zinariya reserves

Gold da kudin kasashen waje, ko kamar yadda aka kira su, kasa da kasa reserves (GCR) - wannan jiha dukiya, wanda suna da wani babban mataki na liquidity da ake sarrafawa da babban monetary cibiyoyin. Matsayin mai mulkin, wannan wani jiki ne Central Bank. Standard zinariya reserves an kiyasta a monetary zinariya da kudin kasashen waje, da ake kira mai madadin. A halin yanzu, kawai biyu na wadannan ago - Amurka dollar da Yuro. Bugu da kari, da abun da ke ciki na kasa da kasa reserves hada da musamman zane hakkin, ko SDR (Special jawo Rights), bayar da lamuni na duniya IMF, da kuma ajiye mukamai a IMF.

Rasha ta kasa da kasa reserves hada da duk aka gyara.

structuring reserves

A kan kudi cibiyoyin ne daban-daban a yau inda mai girma iri-iri da kuma mafi fadi fahimtar fiye da shi kafin. Saboda haka, aka gyara na da kudi jihar reserves ne mafi m abubuwa. Kudin kasashen waje asusun ba kawai tsabar kudi a duniya ta ajiye kudin naúrar. Su kuma sun hada da adibas, ciki har da zinariya rance karkashin baya repurchase yarjejeniyar, tsara a cikin Central Bank, da Bank for International ƙauyuka, kazalika a bankunan da ciwon high bashi rating da bukatunsu na kasa da kasa rating hukumomin S & P, Moody ta da Fitch Ratings.

Domin irin wannan reserves mallakar da kuma bashi Securities wanda aka bayar da kamfanonin ketare. Ranking bayar Securities ya zama babban ma ga bukatunsu na kasa da kasa rating hukumomin S & P, Moody ta da Fitch Ratings. A tsarin da zinariya reserves an kuma hada Securities canjawa wuri a matsayin aro.

International jari na kasashen waje suna fassara a cikin dalar Amurka a hukuma musayar rates.

The International Asusun bada lamuni a matsayin wani ɓangare na zinariya reserves

By wucin gadi ajiye da kuma wajen biya ne Special jawo Rights, ko Special jawo Rights. Wannan kayan aiki da aka saki IMF (IMF) ba shi da tsabar kudi form, Ina nufin wakiltar kawai a asusun ajiyar records. Yana bayani ne kawai a cikin Asusun kuma ake amfani da su tsara a layi ma'auni na biya, rufe da kasawa da kuma bashi wajibai. SDR ba shi da halaye na wani bashi ko kudin.

Wannan kayan aiki bayyana a cikin shekara ta 1969, tare da makasudin zuwa neutralize da Triffin jin kwanda, nuna da sabani na Bretton Woods tsarin na kungiyar na monetary dangantakar da lissafin tsakanin kasashen biyu. Shawara ya tashi a karo National yanayi ajiye kudin da ta kasa da kasa yi.

Reserve matsayi a cikin IMF ya hada madadin da rabo bashi. Rarar kudi wadata Ƙa'idodi a kan adadin abin da yake a cikin Asusun a Jihar jam'iyyar ta asusun, da ake kira madadin rabo. Haka kuma, da rabo daga bashi ba ka damar sayan IMF kudi a wuce haddi na ajiye tranche.

gargajiya zinariya

Hakika, da tsarin kasa da kasa da reserves na Rasha Federation, da ya hada da kamfanoni na monetary zinariya, wato, jiki data kasance. Da farko, zinariya reserves aka kafa domin na kasa ago. Tun 1937, da Rasha ruble aka pegged zuwa dollar. Duk da haka, bayan da yaki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet fara hanzari samun lokacinta zinariya masana'antu, a kowace shekara da zinariya reserves a cikin taskar karu da 100 ton. A 1950, Stalin yanke shawarar soke ruble fegi zuwa dollar kuma saita zinariya abun ciki na kasa kudin na Tarayyar Soviet. Bayan shekaru biyu, Stalin sa a gaba da ra'ayin samar da wani madadin dollar kasuwar. Amma da ra'ayin ba da lokaci don aiwatar. Bayan rasuwar Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev ya zaɓi pro-Western hanyar ci gaba. Tabbatar da zinariya rubles Soviet shugaban ya dauke untimely da kuma mayar da su zuwa Rasha ta kudin fegi da Amurka dollar.

A US dollar ya samu goyon bayan zinariya har 1971, lokacin da shugaban kasar Richard Nixon sanar da soke zinariya goyon baya da dollar. By lokacin da jihar zinariya reserves na kasar fadi zuwa rikodi 9,83 ths. Ton daga 21.8 dubu. Ton a shekarar 1949. Just to, akwai kasa da kasa kudin kasuwar da iyo musayar rates. A kasuwar ne halin da free kasuwar yanayi. Ko da yake bisa ga ƙa'ida da dollar da laba Sterling rasa matsayi a matsayin ajiye kudin, da US dollar ba kawai kiyaye su, amma kuma ta kowane hali karfafa matsayinsu.

Ta ƙarshe lokacin da Amurka zinariya reserves an hõre cikakken duba a 1953. A stock aka adana a cikin hudu ajiya. Bugu da kari ga Amurka taskar stock a kasar da aka adana reserves na daraja karfe akalla 60 jihohi. Yawan 'yan qasar da ke kasashen waje kiyaye asirin, bada Yunƙurin ga kudi mai yawa jita-jita.

Red Gold Rasha

A cewar bude kafofin, Rasha ta kasa da kasa reserves kamar yadda na yau dauke da 1238 ton na zinariya. A cewar wannan nuna alama, da Rasha Federation hukumance ranked shida a duniya. A rabo na zinariya a cikin jimla na zinariya reserves ne 12%. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa kafin yakin duniya na farko, da Rasha, Empire ya kasance daya daga cikin kasashen dake da zinariya girma - 1.4 dubu ton .. Duniya da kuma yakin basasa lalatar da taskar mugun - by 1928 akwai kawai 150 ton. A Stalinist lokaci, da baitul sake "kumbura" da kuma dauke 2,5 dubu. Ton ta 1953. Amma sai da zinariya reserves kawai rage, wajen manyan, ta girma sayar da kasashen waje, Nikita Khrushchev. A shekarar 1991, wakilan kasar shugabannin ayyana cewa Soviet wasiyya zuriyarsa zauna kawai 290 ton na daraja karfe.

Rasha zinariya reserves ya kasu kashi biyu disproportionately. Mafi yawan abin da ake gudanar da babban bankin tare da shawara da gwamnatin Rasha, an adana kai tsaye a cikin bankin na Rasha. A bangare na biyu ne a cikin jihar Asusun na daraja karafa da duwatsu masu daraja daga cikin Rasha Federation, yanke shawara a kan ciyarwa da kuma kammala wannan ɓangare na ajiye aka dauka kai tsaye da shugaban kasar da kuma gwamnatin.

A ƙarfafa muhimmancin zinariya reserves

Hannun jari na rawaya daraja karfe, na kunshe a cikin kasa da kasa reserves na Rasha Federation, a farkon 2014, masana kiyasta a 40 dala biliyan. Ko da yake a lokacin da 2013 Central Bank rayayye samu zinariya a kan Rasha kasuwa, duk da haka, bisa ga kimomi da manazarta, da darajar da daraja karfe fadi ta 11 dala biliyan. Wannan ya kai ga cewa a karshen shekarar 2013 da matakin na zinariya fadi zuwa 7.8%, a hada a total girma na kasa da kasa reserves na Rasha Federation. A rabo na kudin kasashen waje bangaren a cikin kwandon da aka rage wa 92,2% a farkon shekarar bara.

Manazarta ce cewa tun farkon wannan shekara, babban bankin ci gaba da kara zinariya reserves na zinariya reserves, kara da girma duffai uku. Saboda wannan hali ne da sabon abu a cikin zinariya kasuwar, waje masana bayar da shawarar cewa wannan rashin amincewa ga Amurka kudin tura da Babban Bankin na Rasha Federation domin sayan.

Man - tushen Rasha zinariya reserves

kasa "Potbelly" sifili girma ya fara a cikin shekara na 21st karni. International reserves na Rasha Federation girma da leaps da haddi godiya ga hauhawar farashin for hydrocarbons har zuwa rikicin na 2008. By lokacin da suka isa $ 600 biliyan. Don kula da kwanciyar hankali a kasar tun da farkon rikicin, an halitta National Welfare Asusun. Rasha ta kasa da kasa reserves sun zama wani kudi gagarumi wa sabon tsarin. Wannan ne ya hana tsanani rikicin, amma girma na zinariya reserves ki. Kawai ta tsakiyar 2013 shi ya iya mayar da su - har zuwa 533 biliyan rubles.

A cikin bazara na shekarar bara, da halin da ake ciki ya fara canza da cika fuska. Kauracewa daga cikin kasashen na yammacin Turai da kuma Amurka saboda ya shiga a cikin bazara na shekarar bara, da Crimea zuwa Rasha, a Bugu da kari, da kaifi drop a farashin man, ragewar darajar kuɗi na kasa kudin, tallafawa ruble, takunkumi da kuma kontrsanktsii - duk wannan ya zama wani tsanani kalubale ga Rasha tattalin arziki da kuma iya ba ba ya shafar jihar na zinariya reserves. By tsakiyar shekara da suka ki da daya bisa uku - to 382 dala biliyan, na wadda 12 biliyan sun kasance a cikin IMF biya. A fall ci gaba a ko'ina cikin shekara, kuma a farkon wannan shekara, duniya reserves na Rasha Federation sun kai wani m, a shekara ta 2007 - 374,7 dala biliyan. A farkon watan Mayu, su girma amounted zuwa 358.5, biliyan.