Litattafan marubuci kuma publicist A. I. Gertsen: biography da ayyukansu

A nan gaba mai marubuci da zurfin tunani A. I. Gertsen aka haife shi a firgita 1812. Watanni shida baby ko da samu a hannun Faransa, a lokacin da suka yi bincike da gurbi na gentry ta iyali a Moscow. Stories game da yaki da duk romantic zamanin Alexander ta sarautar sanya daga baby m mafarkin, wanda tafin kafa manufarsa shine don yin yaki domin mafi Rasha. Girma, da ya yi ba ya sauya akida.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma Ilimi

A. I. Gertsen aka haife shi a iyali na da wani m bafadan Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva. Yana da ban sha'awa cẽwa dũkiyarsa aka tabbatar da sanannun asalin. Daya daga cikin magabatan na iyali, Andarawas ne Mare, wanda kuma ya faru na Romanov daular.

The uwar shi da commoner Jamus asalin, kuma ta kasance kawai 16 years old. Domin wadannan dalilai, uban bai rajistar aure da yarinya, kuma aka haife ɗan wani wucin gadi sunan ƙago Ivanom Alekseevichem. Herzen a Jamus na nufin dan da zuciya.

Wannan harshe ne kullum taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin matasa rayuwar mutum. Ya fi so marubucin ya Schiller. Alal misali, play "The Mafasa" da aka bukata karanta Herzen, kuma ta babban harafin Karl Moor - manufa da kuma wani misali ga saurayi. Shi ne kuma na farko da manyan wallafe-wallafen da kwarewa na gaba marubuci za a iya daukarsa a review-tunani na "Wallenstein", wanda kuma marubucin Schiller.

Kamar yadda wani yaro Herzen Alexander Ivanovich ya gana da takwaransa Nikolai Ogarev. 'Ya'yan da aka stunned da labarai na tawaye na Decembrists a 1825, sa'an nan ya juna wa'adi, wa'adin zuwa yãƙi a cikin juyin juya halin.

mahada

Utopian shiryayye saurayi shiga Moscow University, inda ya kasance a da yawa da'irori da m matasa. A musamman, suna goyon bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Faransa a 1830, a lokacin da a sakamakon na Yuli juyin juya halin da aka kifar da Charles X.

A 1833 ya kare rubutun dalibi na samman, kuma karbi wani Ph.D., kuma a samu lambar azurfa. Yana da jũna cewa ya gaban m hidima mai yawan aristocratic rayuwa. Duk da haka, a shekara daga baya A. I. Gertsen fadi cikin kunya da kuma aka fitar da su lardin Vyatka da wording "domin tsarkakewa daga libelous ayoyin". A cikin barikin Krutitsa sufi inda ya yi da aka tsare a lokacin da gudanar da bincike, marubucin ya gama "The Jamus matafiyi."

A Vyatka Herzen zo su yi hidima a cikin ofishin na gida kamar yadda tafinta. Rayuwa na wani karamin gari na dubu goma da jũna a gare shi da jin tsoro m bayan Moscow kwaikwayo. Wannan duk lokacin da ya canja a 1837 kama da ido na kõre magaji a kan karaga, nan gaba Alexander II. Ya procured ga sauƙi gwamnatin da Herzen fassara ga Vladimir. Sai marubuci ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga mawãƙi Vasiliem Zhukovskim, wanda ya kawai ya halarta da mutuwa Aleksandra Pushkina.

"Bayanan kula da Fatherland" da kuma kasashen yammaci

A karshe, a 1838, Herzen juya a Vladimir, inda aure da Nataley Aleksandrovnoy Zaharinoy, kuma nan da nan samu na farko-haife Alexander. Sa'an nan, da marubuci ya iya motsawa zuwa ga babban birnin kasar, amma ya aka sake kõre su Novgorod for freethinking. Amma ko da a can ya ba su zauna dogon, ya koma Moscow. Ya yi aiki a "Notes da Fatherland" mujallar a wancan lokacin. Kamar yadda A. I. Gertsen ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin da kasashen Yammaci, lobbying domin motsi na Rasha a Turai hanyar ci gaba.

A 1845, marubucin buga na farko surori da ya fi shahara ƙwarai, "Wane ne mãsu laifi?". Sa'an nan Herzen yanke shawarar hijira saboda gaskiyar cewa, hukuma ba ta son ya views, musamman a kan baƙauye tambaya. Kuma yayin da zalunci ba, sai ya tafi zuwa Turai, daga wanda ya taba mayar da su.

Turai

Bada jimawa ba, a 1848, Turai fara wani janar juyin juya halin da tsohuwar gwamnatin. Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich dauki bangare a cikin wannan motsi, musamman a cikin Roman processions. Lokacin da juyin juya halin ya barke a Faransa, marubucin ta iyali koma Paris. Bayan Herzen dauki bangare a wani zanga-zanga da hukumomin gari, da yakin neman zabe ga sama da doka da oda, ya fara da zalunci da membobinta. Publicist gudu zuwa Switzerland. Lokacin da fitina ta kwanta, sai ya koma zuwa ga Nice.

A 1850, wani hukuncin da aka saki a Rasha cewa Herzen da dama a karkashin "tutur gudun hijira." A dalilin ne ya jarida da a da yawa mujallu, inda ya soki hukumomin Nikolaev. Duk da ban a kan bugu a Rasha, Herzen ta littattafai da articles da aka buga a daban-daban Turai harsuna kasashen waje.

A 1851, a wani shipwreck, da uwarsa mutu takaici, marubuci kuma dansa Kolya. Wadannan May, lokacin da matarsa mutu haihuwa da kuma jariri. A masifu ya ƙawãtar masa fara memoirs cewa kawai a 1868 da aka buga a karkashin lakabi "My Past da Zamantakewa". A lokaci guda London ya zama m wurin zama, wanda ya zabi Aleksandr Gertsen. "My Past da Zamantakewa" ƙarshe ya zama wani classic na salo.

"The Bell"

A 1853 a London, akwai wani free Rasha bugu gidan, wanda ya kafa ya Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen. A babban manazarcin ya so ya halicci wani aikin jaridar mujallar, da mayar da hankali da wanda zai zama na siyasa da kuma zamantakewa events a kasarsa.

Ya mutu nan da nan bayan Nicholas I, da kuma Rasha rasa Crimean War, sa'an nan a gida akwai wani request ga canji. A wannan lokaci, shekaru talatin a kasar babu wani gyara, kuma ya ci sarauta dauki a mayar da martani ga wani yunkuri na Decembrists. Lokacin da abokin Ogarev koma London, Herzen a 1857 ya halicci jaridar "The Bell", wanda ya zama gaskiya alama ce da zamanin.

A littafin bayyana sabo kayan Wakilanmu, kazalika da wallafe-wallafen kananan wallafe. Kauri lambar da aka 8-10 zanen gado. A karo na farko a Rasha buga version na jaridar m. Na karanta shi da kansa, Alexander II. Duk da haka, bayan da daya daga cikin dakunan a 1858 aka buga m takardun game da mai zuwa gyara daga cikin baƙauye, "The Bell" da aka dakatar. Duk da haka, jaridar gudanar ya shiga kasar ba bisa ka'ida. Ganiya da nasara shi ne 1861, lokacin da fansa da manoma da aka buga a Rasha.

'yan shekarun nan

Da zarar wani marubuci ya goyan bayan da Polish tawaye, da sha'awa cikin da shi da aka gaba daya gurgunta. "Bell" ya daina za a buga a 1867. Switzerland ya zama sabon gida, inda Aleksandr Gertsen koma. A takaice: saura daga ransa juya a cikin wani cikin ɓata da kuma fadowa fita da kamar shiryayye mutane.

A 1870, ya mutu daga ciwon huhu Aleksandr Gertsen. "Wãne ne m?" Kuma jarida da immortalized sunansa. A Soviet sau, ya aka gane a matsayin wata alama ce da gwagwarmayar juyin juya halin da da sarauta da iko. A marubuci aka binne shi a Nice.