Kerawa da biography na Shillera Fridriha

A gane classic na duniya adabi ne Friedrich Schiller. Biography da kuma ayyukan bayyana ainihi a 'yan tawaye, wani mutum wanda ba ya la'akari da kanta a wannan zamanin na duniya zãlunci mulkin gargajiya dukiya. Ransa feat burge ko da daga gidan sararta, wanda muka bayyana a kasa. A rayuwa na mawãƙi kuma marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo da kanta yayi kama da Theatrical wasan kwaikwayo, inda basira da aka gwagwarmaya da nuna bambanci, talauci, kuma wins.

Turawa sun zaba cikin take na Tarayyar Turai ta "Ode zuwa Joy." Saita zuwa music Lyudvigom Van Beethoven, shi busa kauri, daukaka.

A baiwa wannan mutum ya haifar multifaceted mawãƙi, marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, art sharhi, wani jirgin saman soja domin yancin yan Adam.

haife unfree

Lokacin da Shiller Fridrih aka haife shi a Jamus, shi ne har yanzu Topical serfdom.

A batutuwa na mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji ba gangara bayan da dũkiyarku da ya suzerain. Kuma idan irin wannan ya faru, sai 'yan gudun hijira koma da ƙwãce. Citizen iya ba canza sana'a ga wanda ya "makale" mulkin gargajiya ko aure ba tare da izinin shugabansa. A wannan nightmarish doka matsayi, da kama wani baƙin ƙarfe keji, zama Friedrich Schiller.

Ya zama wani classic, a maimakon haka, ba ta zamani Jamus al'umma, amma duk da. Frederick, a alamance magana, gudanar ya shiga Haikalin art ta hanyar ƙofar rufe masa da jihar tare da saurã daga tsakiyar zamanai.

Kawai a cikin 1807 (Schiller mutu a 1805), Prussia soke serfdom.

iyaye

Schiller biography fara a cikin Duchy na Württemberg (Marbach ni Neckar), inda aka haife shi a kan 11.10.1759, a cikin iyali na da wani jami'in, da regimental likita mataimakin Ioganna Kaspara Schiller. Inna gaba mawãƙi ya daga wani iyali na harhada magunguna da kuma innkeepers. Sunanta Alisabatu Dorothea Kodvays. A mahaifansa biyu 'gidan ya wani yanayi na tsabta, m kuma na fasaha da talauci.

The mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa da Johann Kristofa Fridriha von Schiller (wannan shi ne cikakken sunan litattafansu) sun kasance sosai addini da kuma a cikin wannan ruhu da yara. Paparoma na mawãƙi, 'yan qasar na baƙauye ruwan inabi-yin iyali, aka yi sa'a ya samu wani likita ilimi. Ya zama wani jami'in da ubangijinsa, wani na fasaha, amma ba free. Sai ya canza wurin zama, ofishin, wadannan nufin ubangijinsa.

samuwar

Da yaron da shekara biyar, da iyali koma birnin guda County Lorch. Uba samu akwai breech matsayin recruiter recruits. Shekara uku na farko coci-zane-zane da ilimi Friedrich Lorch tsunduma fasto, mutumin kirki ne, wanda ya iya jan hankalin yaron a Latin, Jamusanci, da catechism.

Lokacin da bakwai-Schiller tare da iyalinsa ya koma Ludwigsburg, ya ya iya karatu, a Latin makaranta. A 23, saurayin aka ilimi da tabbatarwa (da hakkin ya kusanci sacrament). A farko da ya so ya zama firist, bin charism na taimaka.

mulkin gargajiya despot

Biography of Schiller a cikin matasa ya zama wani jerin wahala saboda gazawar so Duke na Wurttemberg. Ya yi umurni da serf yi nazarin dokar a makarantar sojoji na shari'a sana'a. Schiller zai yi rai ba wani ta rayuwa, ya yi watsi da darussa. Bayan shekaru uku, saurayin ya karshe a jerin a tsara rukuni na mutane 18.

A 1776 ya shiga cikin baiwa da magani, ya zama sha'awar karatu a nan. Amma a cikin koyarwa magani janyo hankalin da ya qananan batutuwa - falsafa, wallafe-wallafe. A 1777, wani m mujallar "Jamus Chronicle" da aka buga na farko da aikin da matasa Schiller ta Ode "Tanƙwasa", rubuta a kwaikwayo na ƙaunataccen mawãƙi Friedrich Klopstock.

Biography of Schiller, kamar haka daga sama, ba "majeure" labarin. Man, ba complied tare da bukatun zama lauya, ta dauki wani ƙunci ga Duke-, makangari. Nufinsa mai shekaru 29 da haihuwa digiri na biyu daga cikin Academy daya kadai da ya matsayi na regimental likita, ba tare da wani jami'in daraja. Despot da jũna da cewa ya ya iya dislocate rayuwar wani zargi saurayi, amma Friedrich Schiller ya riga ya ji ikon da basira.

Talent furta da kanta

32-shekara marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, rubuta wasan kwaikwayo "The 'Yan fashi". Babu m, a Stuttgart ba gudanar da zuwa buga irin wannan tsanani aiki wani bawa, mai tsoron rikici da dukkan-m Duke na Württemberg. Showing juriyarsu, furta da kanta ga jama'a, shi wallafa kanta Friedrich Schiller. Tarihinsa kamar yadda wani marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ta fara da wannan aiki.

Saucy jama'a, wanda aka buga wasan kwaikwayo "The Mafasa" a nasa kudi, ya lashe. Kuma Fate aiko shi a kyauta. Mai sayar da littattafai aboki sa shi a touch tare da wani gwani na art da Baron von Dalberg, hukumar da ke Mayngemskim wasan kwaikwayo. Drama bayan qananan bita zama da haskaka daga cikin na gaba wasan kwaikwayo kakar a Prussia!

Marubucin maida hankali ne akan ƙarfin hali, ya revels a iyawa. A daidai wannan lokacin, Schiller buga farko da tarin waqe-waqe, "Anthology of watan Julin 1782". Ya alama achievable wani tsawo! Ya yi gasar ga gasar a Swabian poetic makaranta da Gothaldom Shteydlinom baya sake masa "Collection of music." Don bayar da image na abin kunya ga tarin, da mawãƙi nuna wuri na littafin, Tobolsk.

Tsananta da kuma gudun hijira

Schiller biography a cikin wannan zamani ne alama ta jirgin na banal County Palatinate. Wannan m tafi ya yanke shawarar 22.09.1782, tare da abokinsa Streicher, pianist kuma mawaki. Duke na Württemberg ya tsayar da yin jihãdi ga fasalin nan gaba classic a cikin taskar campaigner.

Schiller sa a makonni biyu a cikin Birgediya ga tun bar rajimanti domin ziyartar Theatrical samar da "The 'Yan fashi". A lokaci guda ya aka haramta rubuta.

Abokai, ba tare da dalili to ku ji tsoron wiles da Archduke. Schiller canja sunan zuwa Schmidt. Saboda haka suka zauna ba a birnin Mannheim, da kuma a cikin gidan cin abinci "Hunter ta yadi" kewayen birni kauye Oggersgeym.

Schiller yi fatan samun wani sabon rubuta play "hada baki da Fiesco a Genoa." Duk da haka, kudin bayyana zullumi. Kasancewa a cikin talauci, da ya tilasta neman taimako daga Henriette von Valtsogen. Ta kariminci yarda da mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, to zaune a cikin wõfintattu estate.

Rayuwa karkashin wani zaci sunan

Daga watan Julin 1782 zuwa 1783 Estate da aka boye a karkashin wani ƙagagge sunan benefactress Dr. Ritter Friedrich Schiller. Tarihinsa a cikin wannan lokaci - a bayanin da rayuwar wani la'ananne, zaba kasada, to su iya ci gaba da basira da. Ya yi karatu tarihi da kuma rubuta da play "Luisa Miller" da "hada baki da Fiesco a Genoa." Don girmama abokinsa, Andreya Shtreyhera, wanda exerted gagarumin} o} arin Mannheim wasan kwaikwayo darektan, Baron von Dalberg, ya kusantar da hankali ga aikin na wasu. Schiller ce wasika zuwa ga Baron na sabon kwaikwaiyo, kuma ya amince ya bashe su a gida!

A wannan lokacin (1983) Estate aka ziyarci Henriette von Valtsogen tare da matasa 'yar Charlotte. Schiller fadi cikin soyayya tare da yarinya, kuma tambayi mahaifiyarta domin izni ya aure ta amma aka ki, sabõda talauci. Ya koma Mannheim shirya ayyukansu su cikin halitta.

Samun yanci. Samun m matsayi

Idan ka yi wasa "hada baki da Fiesco a Genoa" a kan mataki na wasan kwaikwayo na Mannheim gudanar kamar wani talakawa sanarwa, da "Luisa Miller" (sake masa suna "rikici da kuma love") ya zo da wani babban hit. A 1784 Schiller shiga cikin gida Jamus jama'a su sami dama su halatta su matsayi, zama Palatinate batutuwa, kuma a karshe zana wani layi a karkashin zalunci na Archduke.

Ya ciwon nasa ra'ayi a kan ci gaban Jamus gidan wasan kwaikwayo, aka mutunta matsayin shahara marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo. Ya ce aikinsa "Wasan Kwaikwayo - wani halin kirki ma'aikata," ya zama wani classic.

Ba da da ewa Schiller fara wani gajeren al'amarinsu tare da mace mai aure Charlotte von Kalb. Marubuci, mai karkata zuwa ga Sufi, ya jagoranci wani bohemian salon. Sun mawãƙi wannan lady gan kamar yadda ya gaba ganima a mata jerin nasarori.

Ta gabatar da Schiller a Darmstadt da Archduke Karl watan Agusta. Ya marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo karanta farko yi na wasan kwaikwayo "Don Carlos." Mamaki da kuma yarda da marubucin ta iyawa, daraja ba da post na shawara ga marubuci. Wannan ya ba da mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, wani matsayi a al'umma, ba more. Duk da haka, wannan bai canja ba da ransa.

Ba da da ewa Schiller jayayya da karya da kwangilarsa tare da darektan da Mannheim wasan kwaikwayo. Marubucin ya ɗauke hit productions dogara a kan nufinsa kuma kudi kokarin sa matsa lamba a kan Schiller.

Leipzig daukan matsananciyar mawãƙi

All guda asalin {rai zauna Friedrich Schiller. Tarihinsa ne ba karo na farko shirya wani duka a cikin rayuwa. Saboda talauci ya musanta aure Margarita Shvan, 'yar wani kotun Mai sayar da littattafai. Duk da haka, nan da nan da ransa da aka canza ga mafi alhẽri. A Leipzig, mun yaba da aikinsa.

Marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ya dade da aka tsayin kiran su zuwa ga magoya aikinsa, shirya a cikin wani jama'a mulki ta hanyar Gottfried Kerner. Dauka zuwa matsananci (ya har yanzu bai biya masa bashin na 200 guilders, dauka domin littafin na "The Mafasa"), marubucin Labarai ta magoya tare da bukatar neman taimakon kudi. Wa ni'ima, ya zarar samu wani lissafin daga Leipzig a wani adadin isa ta biya kashe basusuka da matsawa zuwa inda shi ne nuna godiya. Da abota da Gottfried Kerner daure litattafansu sauran rayuwarsa.

17.04.1785 Mr. Schiller zo don marabtar birni.

A wannan lokaci wani classic na uku da dama, amma kuma ga wani wadãtar: ya ki yarda Margarita Shvan. A tashi a wani baki gloom classic samar da amfani effects ya Majiɓincinmu,, Gottfried Körner. Ya hana romantic aboki daga kunar bakin wake ya fara sunã kira zuwa ga bikin aure na Frederick Minna sanda.

Dumi aminci da kuma tsira daga tsananin ruhaniya rikicin, domin bikin aure na abokinsa rubuta wani m Ode "Don Joy" by F. Schiller.

Biography of marubuci wanda ya zaunar a bisa gayyatar da wannan dab Kerner a Dresden Loschwitz kauye, alama ta ƙwarai ayyukan :. "da ilimin falsafa Haruffa", wasan kwaikwayo "The Misanthrope", kamar yadda aka gyara ta wasan kwaikwayo "Don Carlos" By m fruitfulness wannan lokaci yayi kama Boldin Autumn Pushkin.

Schiller da aka sani. Marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ya ƙaryata bayar daga Hamburg da wasan kwaikwayo halshen ya plays. Too sabo tunanin da matsaloli a hadin gwiwa da hutu da Mannheim wasan kwaikwayo.

Weimar lokaci: a tashi daga art. da tarin fuka

Ya kasance 08/21/1787 zo a Weimar a bisa gayyatar da mawãƙi Karin Wieland. Ya aka tare da wani farka, wani tsohon abokina, Charlotte von Kalb. Samun game da high jama'a, shi ne ya gabatar da Schiller da manyan Jamus marubuta Johann sa'iqi da kuma Martin Wieland.

A mawãƙi ya fara buga mujallar "Thalia", buga a cikin "Jamus Mercury". A nan sai ya tafi kusan shekaru goma na aikin, don ilmantar da kanmu a tarihi. Ga gwaninta da aka sosai mai daraja, da kuma a 1788 ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Jena.

Ya laccoci a tarihin duniya kuma shayari, fassara da "Aeneid" by Virgil. Schiller samu albashi na 200 thalers a shekara. Wannan shi ne wani fairly kananan samun kudin shiga, amma shi damar da shi da za a shirya a nan gaba.

Saboda haka ya yanke shawarar shirya da rayukansu da kuma jima'i da Charlotte von lengefeld. Amma bayan shekaru hudu na rayuwa ya kawo sabon gwaje-gwaje: magana a cikin sanyi azuzuwa da kuma kamuwa da ya dalibi, m da tarin fuka Friedrich Schiller. Ban sha'awa facts a biography show baiwa, mutunci da mutum. Cuta crosses koyarwarsa aiki, riveted da gado, amma da rabo daga cikin m ɓangare na lashe mutum ƙarfin hali.

Wani sabon mataki na ƙaddara

Kamar yadda idan da kalaman na wani iko mafi, a cikin sã'ar abokansa don taimaka. Ga kuma yanzu, a lokacin da cutar ta haifar da rashin yiwuwar Schiller ta aiki, da Danish marubuci Jens Holstein Baggens rinjayi Prince kuma Count Schimmelmann sanya litattafansu domin lura da wani tallafin da dubu thalers.

Iron zai kuma samar da taimakon kudi tãyar da gado haƙuri a kan ƙafafunsa. Ya ba su iya koya, da kuma abokinsa, da m Iogann Kotta ba da damar sami. Ba da da ewa Schiller motsa zuwa wani sabon mataki na kerawa. Ya Abin mamaki fara da wani ban tausayi taron: mawãƙi kira wani mutuwa uba, wanda a wancan lokaci zauna a Ludwigsburg.

Wannan taron da aka sa ran: pre uba na dogon lokaci, kuma ya yi tsanani da rashin lafiya. Classic amma a fannin haraji - ce ban kwana ga mahaifinsa, da kuma janyo hankalin damar rungume da kuma ta'azantar da ita uku da 'yan'uwanku mãtã, da mahaifiyarta, da wanda ya bai gani shekara goma sha takwas!

Watakila shi ya sa ya tafi ba kansa ba ne, kuma tare da matarsa, sunã madawwama a jihar.

Zama a cikin su kananan mahaifarsa, da mawãƙi samu wani iko na ruhaniya kara kuzari - wajen samar da kerawa.

Bayan wata daya da rabi bayan jana'izar mahaifinsa, ya ziyarci 'alma Mathes, da makarantar aikin soja. Ya aka mamakin da cewa ya kasance wani gunki ga dalibai. Su gaishe shi farincikin: a gaban su ya da wani labari - Shiller Fridrih, mawãƙi lambar 1 a cikin Prussia. Koma classic bayan wannan ziyarar ya rubuta sanannun aiki "Haruffa a kan ado Ilimi na Man."

A Ludwigsburg haife na farinsa. Ya karshe farin ciki. Amma ya zauna kawai shekara bakwai bar masa ...

A mawãƙi koma birnin na Jena, a Jihar m wahayi. Its faceted iyawa haskakawa tare da sabunta kuzari! Schiller, bayan shekaru goma na a-zurfin nazari na tarihi, ka'idar adabi, ilmi, ya kõmo zuwa shayari sake.

Da ya gudanar ya jawo hankalin duk mafi kyau kasida na Prussia su shiga a cikin "Ora" mujallar. A 1795, daga alkalami daga falsafar ayyukan shayari, "The Dance", "Poetry na rayuwa", "Hope", "The Genius", "The rabo daga ƙasar."

Hadin gwiwa da Goethe

Daga cikin gayyace Schiller a "Ora" Journal of kasida da ya Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Su m rai ya zo a cikin mayar da martani, wanda ya kara kuzari da halittar da yawa m lu'u-lu'u na wani abun wuya na gargajiya Jamus adabi na XVIII karni.

Suna da wani na kowa hangen nesa daga cikin wayewa dabi'u na Faransa juyin juya halin, da hanyoyi na bunkasa Jamus adabi, a sake tunani na zamanin d art. Goethe da Schiller soki fassarar zamani adabi, addini, siyasa, na ado da kuma falsafa tambayoyi. A cikin haruffa busa halin kirki da jama'a babbar sha'awa. Biyu m mawãƙi, ya zaɓi don kansa a wallafe-wallafen motsi, yi gasar a ci gaba:

• tun Disamba 1795 - in rubuta epigrams.
• a 1797 - a rubuce ballads.

Friendly rubutu na Goethe da Schiller ne ƙwarai misali na epistolary art.

A karshe lokaci na aiki. Weimar

A 1799 ya koma zuwa Weimar Friedrich Schiller. Works rubuta shi da kuma Goethe sun ci gaban da Jamus wasan kwaikwayo. Sun zama tushen samar da ban mamaki mafi kyau wasan kwaikwayo a Jamus - Weimar.

Duk da haka, da dakarun Schiller bushewa up. A 1800, ya kare rubutu ya swan song - bala'i "Maria Stuart", aiki mai zurfi, da ciwon nasarar da fadi da rawa a cikin al'umma.

A 1802, da Sarkin sarakuna na Prussia fan of mawãƙi nobility. Duk da haka, Schiller Abin mamaki ya mayar da martani ga wannan. Matasa da kuma balagagge mafi kyau shekaru su na cike da wahalhalu, da kuma yanzu sabon bafadan ji cewa ya aka mutuwa. Ya jiki so da su kãfirta da m wa kansa suna, amma ya yarda da shi, tunanin kawai na 'ya'yansu.

Ya kasance sau da yawa rashin lafiya, wahala daga matsananciyar ciwon huhu. Da wannan backdrop, shi tsananta tarin fuka, ya kawo shi zuwa wani rasuwar a tsawo na basira da kuma ya na da shekaru 45 da shekaru.

ƙarshe

Babu ƙaruwa a ce da Jamus kaunace kasida dukkan sau sun kasance, kuma za Iogann Gete da Friedrich Schiller. Hotuna Monument taba nuni biyu abokai da suke zaune a Weimar, saba wa kowane Jamus. Su invaluable taimako ga adabi: litattafansu kawo ta ga hanyar wani sabon humanism, rungumar ideas na haske, Romanticism da Classicism.