Mene ne neoplastic matakai?

Mutane da yawa suna jin tsoro na samun ciwon daji, kuma da gaskiya da haka. Wannan cuta ne m, kuma m. Fatal sakamako saboda ciwon daji ne a karo na biyu wuri, bayan kawai primacy na mutuwa daga cutar zuciya. Wani lokaci likitoci kamu matsayin "neoplastic tsari." Abin da wannan yana nufin, ba shakka shi ne ba ga dukan marasa lafiya. Wasu ma yi tunanin cewa wannan shi ne wani abu mai kyau, ko a kalla ba m. A gaskiya, irin wannan ganewar asali ne guda neoplastic matakai da faruwa a ciwon daji. Su shafi mutanen da dukan zamanai, ciki har da jarirai, na iya ci gaba a cikin wani sashin jiki da kuma wani nama na jiki na dogon lokaci bai yi tasiri fiye da wani sosai da wuya mu bi da worsen da hangen nesa. Wannan labarin ya tattauna da Sanadin ciwon daji, musamman na ta ci gaba da kuma hanyoyin da magani.

A etiology marurai

Neoplastic matakai a wani daban-daban hanya ne ake kira neoplasia, wanda fassara nufin "sabon girma". More saba lokaci a cikin wannan sabon abu - ƙari, wanda yake nufin mahaukaci, ya wuce kima, uncontrolled girma na mahaukaci Kwayoyin cewa zai iya shafar wani jiki nama. Neoplastic tsari na iya fara da maye gurbi a cikin guda cell, amma an bambanta bisa ga yarda kasa da kasa tsarin kawai a lokacin da 1/3 na dukkan sel wani sashin jiki hasarar da haihuwa halaye da kuma motsa a cikin wani sabon jihar. Saboda haka, farkon samuwar na ciwon daji Kwayoyin ne kafin domin ci gaba da cutar, amma wannan ba tukuna gani. A mafi yawan lokuta, da neoplastic tsari zai fara a wuri guda. Tasowa shi ne ake kira da primary ƙari. A nan gaba, da pathological canje-canje da shafi aikin duk mutum gabobin, da kuma cutar zama na tsari. Ka yi la'akari da halaye na ciwon daji Kwayoyin.

division

Our jiki da aka yi sama da miliyoyin Kwayoyin. Suna da halayyar da bambance-bambance a cikin tsari, dangane da sashin jiki ko nama ayyuka, wanda suke. Amma duk da su ne batun da na kowa dokar - don tabbatar da viability na tsarin a matsayin dukan. Kan rayuwa na kowane cell, akwai wani bi da bi cell canje-canje da cewa ba su hade da wani neoplastic aiwatar da shi ne a mayar da martani ga umarnin, wanda ya bada ita jiki. Alal misali, multiplication (division) na al'ada Kwayoyin fara kawai a lokacin da ta yi na'am da ya dace sigina daga waje. Im ne kasancewar a cikin al'adun matsakaici da kuma 20% magani da kuma ci gaban abubuwan. Wadannan dalilai, ta yin amfani da takamaiman rabe ake daukar kwayar cutar zuwa "domin" cell kwafi (kira 'yar kwayoyin) na DNA, da cewa shi ne, su raba. Ciwon daji Kwayoyin ba ya bukatar umarni. Ta hannun jari da yadda ta so, unpredictably kuma ba dama.

Biyu marar sakewa dokar ga al'ada Kwayoyin shi ne cewa shi zai iya fara gaya wa kawai a yanayin saukan attaching da shi zuwa wasu extracellular matrix, kamar fibronectin for fibroblasts ne. Idan babu abin da aka makala, ko idan akwai umarni daga waje da rabo ba ya faruwa. A ciwon daji cell a matrix ba ya bukatar. Bayan kasance a cikin ta canji, shi ya haifar da kansa "tawagar" to saman division, wanda aminci executes.

Number of ƙungiyoyin

Al'ada Kwayoyin rayuwa, ka ce, in wani m al'umma na da nasu irin. Wannan yana nufin cewa division, girma da kuma ci gaban da daya daga cikinsu ba ya ƙeta a kan wanzuwar wani. Hulda da juna da kuma batun da "Order" cytokines (bayanai kwayoyin), su gushe radiyo, a lokacin da wannan vuya bukatar da kwayoyin. Alal misali, wannan fibroblasts raba har ƙirƙirar m monolayer kuma suka tsayar da cell lambobi. Specific neoplastic aiwatar halin da gaskiya cewa mahaukaci Kwayoyin, ko da idan suna da riga ne da yawa, ci gaba da riɓaɓɓanya, ja jiki a kan juna, squeezing makwabciyar Kwayoyin, ya hallaka su da kashe kashe. Ciwon daji Kwayoyin ba su amsa to "umarni" cytokine girma hanawa to daina rarraba, kuma baicin, ba su dakatar da haifuwa tasowa daga ayyukan unfavorable yanayi, kamar hypoxia, rashin nucleotides. Bugu da kari, sun nuna hali sosai mafadaci - fara tsoma baki tare da kira na al'ada lafiya Kwayoyin, tilasta su, don samar da abubuwa ba wajibi su, kuma wajibi ne ga su kansu, haka karya da metabolism. Bugu da kari, ciwon daji Kwayoyin suna iya shiga cikin jini, kuma motsa a cikin ta yanzu ta hanyar jiki da kuma shirya a sauran kyallen takarda daga primary ƙari, watau, metastasize.

dauwama

A cikin duniya babu wani abu har abada. Healthy Kwayoyin ma da rai span a lokacin da suka gudanar da wani rabo yawan rarrabuwa, hankali tsufa da kuma mutuwa. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira apoptosis. Tare da shi, jiki na goyon bayan dama ya adadin kowane cell irin. Neoplastic matakai ne halin da gaskiya cewa mutated Kwayoyin "manta" da yawan rarrabuwa, wanda shi ne wajabta da yanayi, don haka kai karshe lambobin ci gaba ninka kara. Wancan ne, su samun ikon tsufa da kuma mutuwa. A daidai wannan lokaci da musamman dũkiyar ciwon daji Kwayoyin saya wani - wani take hakkin bambantawa, wato, marurai ba zai iya samar da takamaiman Kwayoyin cewa haduwa da zama dole sunadarai, kuma suka fara ninka kafin kai ga ƙarfinsa.

neoangiogenesis

A musamman alama na ciwon daji ne da ikon sosai aiki angiogenesis, Ina nufin, da samuwar sabon jini. A wani lafiya jiki, angiogenesis auku a qananan adadin, msl, a cikin samuwar scars a cikin waraka ko kumburi foci. Neoplastic matakai akai-akai kara cikin aiki na jiki, domin idan marurai a fadada jiki ba zai bayyana jini, ba duk ciwon daji Kwayoyin suna da samun da gina jiki da cewa su ma da ake bukata. Bugu da kari, da jini ake amfani da su ci gaba da kara tare da jiki (ta samar da metastases).

kwayoyin rashin zaman lafiya

Lokacin da wata al'ada cell ya raba, wata na biyu samu wani daidai kwafin shi. A karkashin wasu dalilai a cikin DNA kasawa faruwa, da kuma a can ne rabo "ya" - a mutant, mallakan wani sabon halaye. A lokacin da ya ta juya zuwa raba, akwai fi sāke Kwayoyin. Neoplastic matakai faruwa lokacin da hankali tara wadannan maye gurbi. The dauwama wadannan Kwayoyin, kuma janyewar daga karkashi umarni kwayoyin take kaiwa zuwa mafi m bambance-bambancen karatu, kuma m ci gaban ƙari girma.

dalilai

A cell fara nuna hali ba daidai ba saboda canje-canje a cikin DNA. Me ya sa suka faru, yayin da wani daidai amsar, akwai kawai a ka'idar, bisa ga abin da neoplastic matakai na iya fara da wasu mataki na yiwuwa.

1. hereditary kayyade predisposition. Shigarwa 200 irin ciwon daji lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin abnormality wadannan genes:

'Ya ce ga farfadowar lalace DNA shafukan.

-regulates interactions tsakanin sel.

'Ya ce ga suppressing ƙari ci gaba.

2. Chemical abubuwa (Carcinogens). Bisa kididdigar da daga WHO, su ne ke da alhakin 75% na lokuta da ciwon daji. Gane Carcinogens ne taba shan taba, nitrosamines, epoxides, aromatic hydrocarbons - fiye da 800 abubuwa da su mahadi.

3. Jiki jamiái. Wadannan sun hada da radiation, radiation, daukan hotuna zuwa high yanayin zafi a cikin rauni.

4. na ciki Carcinogens. Wannan abu kafa a cikin kwayoyin a lokacin hormonal disturbances, kasawa a cikin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa.

5. Oncoviruses. An yi imani da cewa akwai wani musamman irin cutar da zai iya gudu neoplastic tafiyar matakai. Wadannan sun hada da herpes cutar, papillomavirus, retrovirus, da sauransu.

Poor yanayi, matalauci ingancin abinci, high m danniya take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa mutant Kwayoyin a cikin mutane suna kullum bayyana, amma su na rigakafi da kariya da kuma gano gusar lokaci. Idan na rigakafi da tsarin da aka raunana, da mahaukaci Kwayoyin ci gaba da rayuwa da kuma ƙarshe zama cancerous.

iri marurai

Mutane kan tambaye, neoplastic tsari, shi ne ciwon daji ko ba? A unequivocal amsar da ya aikata ba. All marurai ya kasu kashi biyu Categories:

-dobrokachestvennye.

-zlokachestvennye.

Yãfẽwa ga waɗanda a cikin abin da Kwayoyin za a iya bambanta, kuma abin da ba su ba metastases.

A m ƙari Kwayoyin ne sau da yawa gaba daya rasa su kama nama daga abin da suka samo asali. Wadannan Tsarin da m girma, ikon infiltration (shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin m tsokoki da kuma gabobin), da metastasis da pathological sakamako a kan dukan kwayoyin.

Yãfẽwa marurai ba tare da ta dace magani sau da yawa ci gaba a cikin m. Bambanta wannan irinsu:

-epitelialnye (ba su da wani takamaiman wuri).

-epitelialnye marurai na endocrine gland da kuma maida hankali;

-mezenhimalnye (taushi tsokoki).

-Muscular kyallen takarda.

bawo daga cikin kwakwalwa.

-organov juyayi tsarin.

-krovi (haemoblast).

-teratomy.

raya ci gaban mataki

Da yake amsa tambayoyi, neoplastic tsari, shi ne ciwon daji ko ba, dole ne a ce cewa irin wannan jiha kamar precancer lura a cikin pathogenesis na siffofin maruran. Akwai iri biyu na da shi:

-obligatny (kusan ko da yaushe ya jũya a cikin ciwon daji).

-fakultativny (juya cikin daji ne ba ko da yaushe). ZABI precancer za a iya ambata Club mashako, ko na kullum gastritis.

Duk wani neoplastic tsari ba ci gaba nan da nan, amma sannu a hankali, sau da yawa da suka fara da atypical canje-canje duk a cikin wannan keji. Wannan mataki da aka kira qaddamarwa. Kamar wancan ne a cikin cell bayyana oncogenes (wani gene cewa zai iya juya a cikin wani m cell). Mafi fi sanin oncogene p53, wanda kullum yana da wani anti-oncogene, cewa an fafitikar da ci gaban da marurai, kuma ya kira su, da kuma lokacin da maye gurbi.

A na gaba mataki, da ake kira da gabatarwa da irin wannan nadiran Kwayoyin fara raba.

The uku mataki ne ake kira predinvazivnym. A wannan yanayin, da ciwon daji ke tsiro, amma a makwabta hukumomi sun ba tukuna tsinkãyi.

A karo na hudu mataki - cin zali.

A karo na biyar mataki - metastasis.

Ãyõyin neoplastic tsari

A lokaci na farko ya fara Pathology ba bayyana kanta. Nemo shi da wuya sosai, ko da tare da nazarin kamar duban dan tayi, X-haskoki, daban-daban da ƙididdiga. Daga bisani, da marasa lafiya 'takamaiman bayyanar cututtuka, da yanayi na wanda ya dogara a kan sarrafawa na farko ƙari. Saboda haka, ta ci gaba a cikin fata, ko cikin ƙirjinka marurai siginar matsawa, da ci gaban a-kunne - ji hasara a cikin kashin baya - wahala a motsi, a cikin kwakwalwa - neurological cututtuka a cikin huhu - tari a cikin mahaifa - farji zub da jini. Lokacin da cancerous Kwayoyin fara mamaye makwabta kyallen takarda, suna lalata da su a cikin jini. Wannan shi ne abin sa bayyanar jini a cikin secretions, ba kawai daga cikin al'aurar. Saboda haka, jini a cikin fitsari na iya faruwa lokacin da yake bunkasa a neoplastic aiwatar koda, mafitsara ko urinary fili cututtuka, jini a cikin stool iya nuna farkon ciwon daji a cikin hanjinsu, da jini daga kan nono - ƙari a cikin ƙirjinka. Irin wannan bayyanar cututtuka dole ne sa ƙararrawa kuma tilasta damar samun shiga wani likita.

Wani farkon alama ne da ake kira kananan ãyõyi ciwo. Its main alama ne, iri-iri cututtuka. Janar za a iya kira da marasa lafiya 'gunaguni na wani rauni, gajiya, tasowa ba zato ba tsammani tsalle a zazzabi, inexplicable hangula, ko, a akasin haka, rashin tunani ga kome da kome, asarar ci, da kuma a kan wannan hasashe emaciation.

A m, saukarwa, bayyanar cututtuka na maye, kazalika da discoloration na fata jaundiced da kodadde ya dafa, rage fata turgor, ciwon daji cachexia.

Lokacin da marurai a cikin kwakwalwa nama saboda gaskiyar cewa jiki yana da iyaka da ƙashi na daga cikin kwanyar, da kuma wani tasowa ƙari sarari ne mai iyaka, kazalika don dalilai na bayani dalla-dalla na kowane kwakwalwa yankin ayyuka, bayyanar cututtuka su ne halaye da cewa ba da damar bambance sarrafawa. Saboda haka, neoplastic aiwatar a baya na bayyana bayyanar da haƙuri da hangen nesa, launi ji cuta. Lokacin da tsari a cikin boko yankin na wahayi ba a lura ba, amma akwai auditory hallucinations. A ƙari a cikin frontal lobe na haƙuri ne halin da shafi tunanin mutum da cuta, jawabin nasa, da kuma a cikin parietal yankin a take hakkin motor aiki da kuma ji na ƙwarai. Cerebellar cututtuka - m amai da kuma mummunan ciwon kai, da kuma raunuka na kwakwalwa kara - wahala hadiya, na numfashi cuta, kasawa a cikin aikin da yawa ciki gabobin.

A karshe matakai na duk ciwon daji marasa lafiya fuskanci excruciating zafi, wanda zai iya kawai kama da narcotic kwayoyi.

bincikowa da

Don kafa ganewar asali "neoplastic tsari," da marasa lafiya underwent jerin gwaje-gwaje da kuma rubũta a da cikakken binciken. Kwanan nan sau da yawa yi gwaje-gwaje domin ƙari saka alama. Wadannan su ne abubuwa da za su iya nuna gaban da kwayoyin a cikin neoplastic tsari, ko da a farkon matakai. Bugu da ƙari, da yawa ƙari alamomi musamman, su yawa qara kawai tare da ƙari talakawa a wani daya sashin jiki. Alal misali, ƙari alama PSA nuna cewa, batun ya fara prostate neoplastic tsari, da kuma CA-15-3V oncomarker neoplastic tsari a cikin mammary gland shine yake. A downside bincike domin ƙari alamomi ne dõmin su ƙãra a cikin jini, kuma a cikin sauran cututtuka a ba neoplastic tafiyar matakai.

Ga ganewar asali na haƙuri ne da za'ayi irin wannan ƙididdiga:

-Analysis na jini, fitsari.

-UZI.

-KT.

-MRT.

-angiografiyu.

-biopsiyu (wannan ne mai matukar muhimmanci analysis, da wanda ba kawai gane gaban ciwon daji, amma kuma ta mataki na ci gaba).

Idan ka zargin wani hanji ciwon daji aka yi:

- bincike na tumbi ga gaban occult jini.

-fibrosigmoskopiyu.

-rektomonoskopiyu.

Neoplastic kwakwalwa tsari ne mafi kyau gano ta MRI. Idan haƙuri ne contraindicated a irin wannan ganewar asali, da ya yi CT. Har ila yau, domin marurai na kwakwalwa gudanar:

-pnevmoentsefalografiyu.

-elektroentsefalogrammu (EEG).

-radioizotopnoe scanning.

-spinnomozgovuyu huda.

magani

Idan rashin lafiya ya bugi yara, su magani kunshi yafi a jiyyar cutar sankara da kuma radiotherapy, tiyata yana da wuya a yi. Domin lura da manya amfani da duk samuwa hanyoyin dace a wani mataki na neoplastic tsari da kuma dangane da wurin da wuri:

-himioterapiyu (na tsari magani shafi dukan jiki).

-luchevuyu da radiotherapy (tasirin kai tsaye a kan ciwon daji na iya shafar makwabta lafiya yankunan).

-gormonoterapiyu (tsara don nuna hormones cewa hana ci gaban, ko halakar da ƙari, kamar prostate neoplastic tsari za a iya docked ragewa testosterone matakan).

-immunoterapiyu (gaskiya ma rinjayar da dukan jiki).

mai baiwa far (masana kimiyya na kokarin maye gurbin wani mutated gene a kan al'ada p53).

-hirurgicheskuyu aiki (za a iya za'ayi cire ƙari ko don rage wahalhalu na haƙuri ta rage kumbura inoperable ƙari makwabtaka da nama).

Outlook

Neoplastic tsari - shi ne ba a jumla. A yara, saboda gaskiyar cewa su matasa jiki ne iya mai da sauri, da aka yi hasashen m, a 90% na lokuta, idan ci gaban da marurai gano a farkon matakai. Amma ko da a cikin daga baya matakai na gano yara zai iya cikakken warkar a m kula.

A manya, wani m hangen nesa ga mataki na farko da ƙari ya 80% da kuma sama. A cikin uku mataki da m sakamako na magani aka lura a 30% -50% na lokuta (dangane da wuri da kuma halaye na kowane samuwar jikin mutum). A mataki na huɗu bisa ga statistics daga 2% zuwa 15% na marasa lafiya bayan far live 5 shekaru ko fiye. Wadannan alkaluma kuma dogara ne a kan wurin da ƙari. A kalla m hangen nesa a prostate ciwon daji, da kuma kwakwalwa.