Mene ne oligarchy? Ma'ana

Oligarchy zama sha'awar mafi tsoho gabascin. Kamar yadda na farko mawallafa suke a cikin treatises bayyana wannan sabon abu, aiki Plato da Aristotle. To, abin da yake mai oligarchy a fahimtar tsoho Greek masana falsafa?

Oligarchy a cikin koyarwar Plato

Daya daga cikin mafi bayyanar zamanin d Girkanci marubuta, Plato umurni ne. Shi ne ya yi aiki samar da tushen ga nazari na masu rinjaye na siyasa batutuwa. M analysis sha irin treatises matsayin "jiha", "uzuri na Socrates", "Politia" da sauransu. A cikinsu ya tattauna da gaggawa matsaloli na lokacin, musamman, yana rinjayar da tambaya daga cikin mafi kyau nau'i na gwamnati. A wasu kalmomin, shi na samar da amsoshin tambayoyi game da abin da oligarchy, dimokuradiyya, siyasa, sãshenku masĩfar, timocracy da sauransu.

Clear ma'anar kalmar "oligarchy" Plato ya aikata ba, kamar abin da wannan nau'i na gwamnati a kwatanta da sauran, nuna rubutu ta halayyar fasali. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci ya na nufin a jihar tsarin, wanda dogara ne a kan wani dukiya, cancantar. A wasu kalmomin, suna da jagorantar kungiyar na wani kudi da arziki mutane, yayin da matalauta da ba su ma suna da 'yancin kada kuri'a.

Bisa ga muhawara zurfin tunani oligarchy shi da dangantaka da wata guda ƙungiyar taurari na karkatacciyar siffofin gwamnati. Wannan zamantakewa da zamantakewa tsarin hankali degenerates daga timocracy, embodying da mafi mũnin mũnãnan ayyuka. Nagarta daina taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin siyasa, kamar yadda ya dauki da dũkiya. Oligarchic tsarin ya ginu ne kawai a kan soja da karfi, maimakon a kan girmamawa da kuma veneration na sarki. Mafi yawa daga cikin al'ummar zaune cikin talauci, da kuma hukuncin Elite ba su ma yi kokarin daukar matakai don shawo kan wannan hali. A oligarchy ma yakan haifar da redistribution da m zamantakewa amfanin da cewa wanzu a cikin al'umma.

Saboda haka, bisa ga koyarwar Plato, adalci jihar da kuma oligarchy m tare da juna. Amma don kauce wa degeneration na timocracy a cikin wannan nau'i na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsarin na zamantakewa shi ne ba zai yiwu ba.

Oligarchy a Aristotle koyarwar

Aristotle ya Plato ta almajiri, don haka ya ci gaba da karatunsa na malaminsa a hanyoyi masu yawa. A takaice, ya fara la'akari da tambaya a cikin kimiyya da rubuce-rubucen da cewa wannan oligarchy. A Falsafa yi imani da cewa wannan nau'i na gwamnati, kazalika da dimokuradiyya da danniya, suna karkatar da siffofin zamantakewa da siyasa domin.

A cikin rubutun "Siyasa" Aristotle sa a cikin kalmar "oligarchy" jigon da siyasa na lokaci, a cikin wasu kalmomi, sai aka ce cewa wannan nau'i na nufin ikon da arziki. Yana da yake a cikin oligarchic jihar za a ba musamman da hankali ga amfanin waɗanda suke a cikin ikon, mambobin wani arziki aji. A Falsafa yi ĩmãni da wannan ajizai tsarin, kamar yadda da'awa, cewa, akwai yiwuwar "buying" wuri a cikin rana, don haka a irin wannan tsari na al'umma ba barga.

Concept R. Michels

Mene ne oligarchy? Da yawa da hankali ne ya biya zuwa wannan batu a lokuta daban-daban, ciki har da a cikin karni na 20th. A musamman, da wata babbar gudummawa wajen nazarin wannan sabon abu ya sanya R. Michels, wanda a farkon na XX karni, ya ce masa ra'ayi, wanda daga baya aka mai suna a matsayin "baƙin ƙarfe dokar oligarchy." A Falsafa yi imani da cewa duk wani zaman jama'a da kuma zamantakewa naúrar na al'umma kyakkyawan degenerates cikin oligarchy, duk abin da aka yi harsãshinsa a su - demokra] iyya, ko autocratic.

Babban dalilin wannan Trend - marmarin al'umma shugaban ya shugabanci gwamnatin jihar da kuma sa a gaba nasu bukatun ga fore, ciki har da kudi. A daidai wannan lokaci da taron daidai amince ya sarki, makauniyar biyayya da dukan umarni, mukaddashin a cikin nau'i na dokokin.

iri oligarchy

Don kwanan wata, da siyasa, da masana kimiyya suka yi nazarin wannan sabon abu, akwai hudu daban-daban iri iri na oligarchy, kowanne daga abin yana da musamman halaye da kuma siffofin:

1. Monooligarhiya. Wannan zaman jama'a domin taso a wadancan jihohi, inda dukkan kome da kowa ikon da aka mayar da hankali a hannun monarchical m. Ba kome, shi zai zama waɗanda Allah ko wadanda mutane. Amma da Babban bambancin shi ne cewa monarch Halicci matsayi tsarin, wanda ayyukan ake nufin da farko a enriching. A wasu lokuta, za irin wannan ginin zamantakewa shi ne mafi tsananin qarfi da kuma daraja fi da cewa da monarch. Kamar yadda wani misali feudalism.
2. Demoligarhiya. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, akwai wata cakuda da dimokuradiyya da kuma oligarchy, wanda aka bayyana a gaskiyar cewa mutane da mulkinSa, Canza wurin da cikakken ikon karamin oligarchic kungiyar ta wani zaben ko wani raba gardama.
3. Santa oligarchy. Wannan irin na'urar ne tsaka-tsakin al'umma. Yana faruwa a lokacin da monarch ya rasa dukan iko, da kuma mutanen da ya ba tukuna zama sarki. A lokacin da wannan m lokacin rawar da haddasa kokarin wasa da oligarchy, wanda yake ƙoƙarin rike da ikon ta kowane hanya.
4. Mãsu fusãtarwa ne da oligarchy. A wannan yanayin, da mai arziki ya sami rike da ikon, kada ka yi kokarin gaskata da matsayi daga mulki. Maimakon haka, suna amfani da doka iri tasiri a kan jama'a, ciki har da tashin hankali da kuma qarya.

Boyar oligarchy - karshe numfashin

Wasu masu bincike, a Bugu da kari ga muka ambata a sama 4 iri oligarchy, shi ne ya zama ruwan dare da kuma na biyar da irin - Boyarsky. Wannan nau'i na na'urar yana da muhimmi Novgorod da Pskov tsakanin XII XV na shekaru. A wannan lokaci, 'yar alamar weakening na da ikon a hannun monarchical m, oligarchic kungiyoyin a cikin nau'i na mafi tasiri boyars kokarin lashe fiye da mulki.

A wasu kalmomin, sun so su remake kafuwar jihar, ba shi da babban fasali na oligarchy.

Al'amurra na oligarchy a cikin zamani duniya

A ranar, da oligarchy ya zama daya daga cikin key batutuwa na tattaunawa a cikin ƙasa na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet. Idan muka nazarci halin da ake ciki na karshe 15-20 shekaru, shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa mulkin kama-karya na oligarchs kawai samun ta lokacinta, musamman, da kuma a cikin Rasha Federation.

Gwamnatin gina ta siyasa a cikin irin wannan hanya a matsayin don rufe batun na predominance na oligarchs a cikin gwamnati. Amma duk da yunkurin samun wani bayani ga wannan matsala ba a samu ya zuwa yanzu. Saboda haka, masu yiwuwa ga oligarchy a Rasha da kuma a duk faɗin duniya a yau, quite bakin ciki, kamar yadda wannan na iya haifar da rashin jituwa a cikin harkokin siyasa halin da ake ciki a kasashen da suka zo wurin mulkin demokra hanyar ci gaba.