Mene ne subnet mask? IP-address da kuma subnet mask

Kamar yadda ka sani, kowane kwamfuta a cikin cibiyar sadarwa da abin da ya kasance, yana mai Tazarar address kira da IP-address. Babu shakka, shi ne kullum na gaskiya kawai ga networks dangane TCP / IP yarjejeniya, duk da haka, shi ne a yanzu kusan duk wani cibiyar sadarwa dangane ta da asali. Duk da haka dai, baya ga wannan adireshin, a cibiyar sadarwa workstation yana da 'yan sigogi da shafi ta hulda da wasu na'urorin. A farko daya daga cikinsu shi ne cibiyar sadarwa mask, wanda za mu rufe a wannan labarin.

subnet mask, ƙofa adireshin, da kuma ...

Idan ka yi kokarin samun bayanai game da halin yanzu dangane, ban da kwazo don kwamfutarka, da IP address, za ka kuma ga filayen kamar subnet mask, tsoho ƙofa, kazalika da daya ko fiye DNS sabobin, a maimakon haka, su adiresoshin. Domin da uninitiated, duk wadannan data wakiltar kawai saida kaya na lambobi, amma idan ka shirya magance tare da saitin na kwamfuta cibiyoyin sadarwa dangane da TCP / IP yarjejeniya, ku a kan wadannan sharuddan ya kamata ka sani a little more.

A 'yan kalmomi game da IP-adiresoshin

Kafin mu nutse a cikin Jungle da kuma bayyana abin da wani subnet mask, ya kamata mu tuna cewa shi ne IP-adireshin da aka: Me yi da lambobin kunshe a shi, kuma abin da halayya da suka iya dauka. Advance ajiyar daya aya: duk da bayanai a wannan labarin, za magance tare da IPv4 yarjejeniya, tun da shi ne ya ke a yau shi ne har yanzu mafi "a guje".

Saboda haka, IP-address kunshi hudu lambobi, kowanne daga abin da zai iya dauka da darajar daga sifili zuwa 255. Ba lallai ba ne ya zama farfesa a ilimin lissafi, da yin lissafi: kawai iya zama kadan fiye da biliyan hudu da haduwa. Duk wani na'ura, a wani TCP / IP cibiyar sadarwa yana da irin wannan adireshin, ko da kuwa abin da ayyuka shi aikin - ko da shi ne a cibiyar sadarwa printer, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, ADSL-na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ko smart phone zuwa cibiyar sadarwa na'urar za kawai za a haɗa idan shi zai zama na musamman da jerin duk guda hudu lambobi.

Local adiresoshin

Idan akwai a cikin gida fiye da daya kwamfuta, ku yiwuwa lura cewa, duk da adireshin da yawa a cikin na kowa - sau da yawa bambanci tsakanin su ne kawai a karshe lambobi, misali, idan daya daga kwamfutarka yana da adireshin 192.168.1.10, sa'an nan na biyu Can zama 192.168.1.9. Wannan halin da ake ciki ne quite halitta for gida networks, saboda adireshin data - ciki. Suna amfani da canja wurin bayanai a cikin hanyar sadarwarka ta gida, kamar tsakanin kwakwalwa. Abin da ya faru a da waɗanda lokacin a lokacin da kuke bukata don samun bayanai daga Internet?

ƙofa

Kafin ka fara amsa tambaya na abin da wani subnet mask, dole ne ka magance wata cibiyar sadarwa bangaren - ƙofa. Kamar yadda ka sani, to your gida kwamfuta in je cikin World Wide Web, tana bukatar ƙofa - rawar da ya saba taka ko dai a na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ko mai modem, ko (idan tattaunawar ba game da gidan, da kuma a kan aikin) uwar garke. Lokacin da ka tambaye wani shafin yanar gizo, kwamfutarka gane cewa server ne cewa kana neman a cibiyar sadarwarka ta gida. Idan ya ke akwai (misali, idan ka ci gaba da shafin a kan daya daga su kwakwalwa), shi ne kome, a gaskiya, da yawa ke faruwa - kwakwalwa na haxi ta gida cibiyar sadarwa da kuma fara watsarwa. Duk da haka, idan ka yi kokarin bude site, located a kan wani m uwar garken, a cikin yanayin shiga ƙofa.

Mene ne subnet mask?

Saboda haka muna samun don rufe ga tambaya ga abin da yake cikin subnet mask. A gaskiya, shi ne taƙaitaccen bayyani daga abin da kwakwalwa ne a kan wannan cibiyar sadarwa da naku, da kuma wanda ya bukatar wata ƙõfa connection. Mask - mai juna superimposed a kan wani kwamfuta IP-address tare da shi yake so ya gama. Idan da juna "da ke smoothly," shi ke nan, amma idan ba - da request ne ya aiko da na'urar da aka rajista, a cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin tsoho ƙofa saituna.

Mene ne subnet mask?

Idan kana da wani talakawan mai amfani da cibiyar sadarwa ta gida kunshi mahara kwakwalwa, wanda shi ne wata ƙõfa zuwa Internet, sa'an nan ka subnet mask ne iya kama: 255.255.255.0. Wadannan alkaluma - abin da ake kira subnet mask ne 24, wanda ya nuna cewa idan da farko uku lambobi a cikin IP-address wasa tare da adireshin ka, shi za a iya isa ga kai tsaye.

Af, da misali daga 255.255.255.0 ne dace kawai idan kana da ake rubutu mai sauki da kuma saba aiki da tsarin irin na Windows. Linux tsarin bisa wannan, ciki har da sananne kuma ubiquitous Android, yana amfani da wani dan kadan daban-daban m da wani subnet mask da aka kafa a daya- ko biyu lambar lamba. A cikin muka ambata a sama misali, irin yawan ne 24.

Shin yana yiwuwa a yi koyi da subnet mask?

Duk da cewa wannan batu ne a karkashin kadan ma'ana, masu amfani kada su gushe ba tambaye shi to bincika injuna. Ƙayyade da subnet mask na IP shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu, tun da, a kan tushen da daya kawai IP-address, ba shi yiwuwa a ce daidai da abin da irin sikelin ne gida ko rarraba cibiyar sadarwa. Jera a cikin irin wannan hali zai iya taimaka bayanai game da ƙofa, misali, idan kwamfutarka yana da adireshin 192.168.1.2, da kuma Gateway - 192.168.0.1, da subnet mask ya kamata a kalla 255.255.0.0, in ba haka ba da ƙofa za ta kasance unattainable.

A general, da IP-address da kuma subnet mask kusan basu da abin yi, ko kuma wajen, ba zai iya samun daya a karkashin wani. The kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa wajibi ne ta yi aiki duka biyu sigogi don ƙirƙirar wani cin nasara dangane da musamman na'urar.

The farashin kurakurai

Me zai iya faruwa idan ka yi kuskure? Kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa a yanzu mun san cewa irin wannan subnet mask, za ka iya cewa da tabbaci: idan an saita kuskure, akwai wani mafi girma alama cewa kwamfutarka za a yanke daga waje duniya. Alal misali, idan ka shiga a matsayin mask 0.0.0.0, da tsarin aiki zai dauki wani IP-adireshin wani gida da za su ba har ma da kokarin amfani da ƙofa cewa zai kai ga asarar damar don sadarwa tare da kwakwalwa waje your gida na cibiyar sadarwa.

Idan muka yi wani kuskure, tantancewa ma "kusa" da subnet mask, sa'an nan kwamfutarka iya fara zuwa kwarewa matsaloli riga haɗa zuwa ga "makwabta" na LAN - ko da idan ka juya zuwa ga gida IP, subnet mask zai nuna cewa damar to shi ne zai yiwu ne kawai ta hanyar da ƙofa, kuma shi zai iya kai ko dai zuwa wani ƙara load a kan hanyar sadarwa, ko kuma zuwa cikakken unavailability na kwakwalwa a "lokalke".

Zabin yadda kalma take subnet mask

Daban-daban Tsarukan aiki da amfani dace hanyoyin da halitta na cibiyar sadarwa mask. Duk da yake a cikin Windows misali rubuce-rubuce da aka dauke su wani nuni ne na hudu takwas-bit lambobi, da kuma sauran aiki tsarin, musamman dangane da Unix, don yin amfani da rikodin dangane da tantancewa da IP-address na workstation, kazalika da yawan ragowa da cewa lalle ne ya zauna a tsaye.

La'akari da wani takamaiman misali. Tare da IP-address 192.168.111.222 kuma furtawa cewa ta canzawa ragowa ne 32, mun samu cikin wadannan shigarwa: 192.168.111.222/32. A aikace, wannan yana nufin cewa kwamfuta zai yi amfani da samuwa ƙofa haɗi zuwa wani kwamfuta wasu fiye da kansa. Wannan ya faru saboda 32 - wannan shi ne adadin ragowa da cewa yana dauke da IP-address na hudu version na yarjejeniya. Idan muka yi la'akari da wannan mask a mafi saba wa mafi yawan mutane a matsayin (as a OS Windows), shi zai kama 255.255.255.255.

Me game da more saba version na subnet mask, wanda aka yi amfani a mafi LANs cikin masallaci? A hirar, ba shakka, shi ne mai tambaya na 255.255.255.0. Idan ka hankali karanta wannan labarin, da wani abu game da wannan mask da aka riga magana, da kuma yawan ta gyarawa ragowa ne 24 (t. E. uku na farko lambobi na 8 ragowa).

Saboda haka, yana yiwuwa a gudanar da wani sauki ma'ana sarkar - domin kowane gyarawa yawan asusun for 8 ragowa, wanda ke nufin cewa wannan za a rubuta kamar 255.0.0.0 / 8, kamar yadda aka rubuta kawai na farko lambar.

Kamar yadda wannan tsaka-tsaki, msl, 255.255.255.128, su bit zurfin ne ma sauki lissafi, a wannan yanayin, / 25 - 24, na farko uku ragowa da rubuta lambobi, da kuma wani bit cewa ya raba da rabi daga 0 zuwa 255 daidai a cikin rabin.

Idan kana bukatar karin zažužžukan da misalai, za ka iya ko da yaushe kula na musamman kafofin. A kan su shafukan duqufar da topic wannan labarin, akwai wani tebur na subnet masks, wanda ya hada da kusan dukkan yiwu tari na wadannan jerin.