Sashen tambaya: abin da ma'adanai ne daban-daban daga kankara

Sau da yawa a cikin m kimiyya wallafe-wallafe a can ne sharuddan "ma'adinai" da "dutse". Mutanen da suka ba da ilimi na musamman, kada raba wadannan Concepts, saninsu wadannan kalmomi kusan a matsayin ma'ana. Wannan shi ne tantama ba daidai ba. Bari mu ga abin da ma'adanai ne daban-daban daga cikin kankara.

ma'adanai

Domin ya bayyana bambanci tsakanin ma'adinai daga dutsen, na halitta samuwar, la'akari da kowane daki-daki. Bisa ga bukatun na kasa da kasa mineralogical jam'iyya zuwa ma'adanai hada da daskararru kafa a cikin ƙaunar da ƙasa ko ta saman ciwon guda sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma crystalline tsari.

Amma ba dukan ma'adanai suna daidai hadu da definition. Alal misali, akwai wanzu abubuwa da ciwon guda sinadaran abun da ke ciki amma ba samar da crystal raga, abin da ake kira amorphous ma'adanai (opal). Kwayoyin halitta a cikin irin Tsarin sosai kusa da juna, kuma kada ku samar da umurni tsarin. Kamar wancan ne da bond tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da isasshen ƙarfi. A tsarin za a iya kwatanta ta da gilashi.

rarrabuwa na ma'adanai

Masana kimiyya total game da 2500 ma'adanai, wanda suna da nasu iri. Bisa ga sinadaran abubuwa kafa wani ɓangare na, ma'adanai kasu kashi da dama kungiyoyin:

• Native abubuwa - abu crystal raga wanda ya kunshi daya kawai sinadari. Alal misali, sulfur, da zinariya, platinum. Ban sha'awa al'amari: lu'u-lu'u da kuma graphite - ma'adanai dake dauke da carbon kawai, amma ciwon daban-daban crystal tsarin. A wannan yanayin, da lu'u-lu'u - misali ƙarfi ne, kuma graphite, a akasin haka, sosai taushi. Wannan kungiyar hada game da 90 ma'adanai.
• Sulfides - ma'adanai wanda lu'ulu'u an hada da sulfur da kuma karafa ko nonmetals. Alal misali, galena, sphalerite. Ban sha'awa al'amari: The ma'adinai pyrite yana da wani biyu sunan "wawa zinariya." Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a fili pyrite a launi da kuma ƙarfe haskaka kamar wata daraja karfe. Wannan kungiyar hada game da 200 ma'adanai.
• Sulfates - halitta salts na sulfuric acid. Alal misali, barite, jarosite, gypsum, anhydrite. Ban sha'awa al'amari: barite - kadai ma'adinai da cewa zai iya neutralize da X-haskoki. Saboda haka, fuska a X-ray dakin kunshi ma'adinai da ganuwar an rufe tare da barite plaster. The kungiyar hada game da 260 ma'adanai.
• Halides - ma'adanai kafa ta hade da daban-daban da sinadaran abubuwa da halogens. Alal misali, fluorite, sylvite, halite. Ban sha'awa al'amari: Roman Sarkin sarakuna Nero ya wani rauni ga fluorite, sayen kayayyakin da aka yi da shi kudi mai yawa. The kungiyar hada game da 100 ma'adanai.
• Phosphates - halitta gishiri da phosphoric acid. Alal misali, vivianite, da shunayya, apatite. Ban sha'awa al'amari: turquoise - mafi fi so dutse mai daraja na Farisa. The kudin na wasu abubuwa a cikin 3-4 sau fi yadda farashin na zinariya. A cikin rukuni na game da 350 ma'adanai.
• Carbonates - halitta gishiri na carbonic acid. Alal misali, calcite, dolomite, magnesite. Ban sha'awa gaskiya: a cikin Alps dutsen sarkar hada da tsararru, da ake kira Dolomites, saboda dutse ya hada da dolomite. Mountains karkashin hasken rana sun jũya ruwan hoda.
• Oxides - ma'adanai, kafa ta mahadi da karafa da kuma oxides. Alal misali, Alexander, duwatsu, opal. Ban sha'awa al'amari: Ametrine ne daya daga cikin rarest a duniya. Its alama ne cewa adadi na duwatsu masu daraja ne na musamman, kowane sabon misali ne daban-daban daga baya daya. A rukunin yana da game da 200 ma'adanai.
• Silicates - mafi m kungiyar na ma'adanai da suka hada da silicon, aluminum. Alal misali, a Topaz, plagioclase, serpentine. An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, kafin da sabuwar dabara kafin gilashi farantin saka a cikin windows Mika.

Yanzu, domin ganin da bambance-bambance da kuma fitattun abubuwa na kankara da kuma ma'adanai, mun bayyana manufar farko kira.

kankara

The Earth ta ɓawon burodi ma'adanai ba su samu ruwan dare lokutta. Matsayin mai mulkin, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje dalilai, sun hada form kankara. Saboda haka, ma'adanai ne daban-daban daga dutsen cewa yana da wani na game da ginin block. Amma ba dukan ma'adanai suna da hannu a cikin samuwar duwatsu. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya raba su a cikin dutse-kafa (kagaggun silicates) da kuma kari.

Nau'in kankara

Domin a more kyakkyawar fahimtar abin da ma'adanai ne daban-daban daga cikin duwatsu, za mu bayyana samuwar na karshen. Geologists rarrabe uku kungiyoyin na kankara a kan hanya na asalin:

• Magma kafa ta effusion magma a cikin ƙasa, kõ kuwa thicker a farfajiya (volcanoes). Su ne na farko jinsin, wadda haifar da daban-daban muhalli tsoma kafa irin biyu sauran kungiyoyin. Alal misali, dutse, basalt, gabbro.
• Metamorphic kafa ta tectonic ƙungiyoyi na duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Wannan yana nufin cewa sediments da magmatic kankara sun sake a Duniya ta thicker kuma akwai a ƙarƙashin rinjayar high zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba canza kama zuwa sabon breeds. Alal misali, gneiss, schist, marmara.
• A rabo daga sedimentary kankara asusu domin kawai 10%. Suna kafa a sakamakon iska mataki a kan ruwa magmatites zubar a ƙasa ta surface. Alal misali, eluvium, talus, alluvium.

Da samuwar duwatsu da kuma ma'adanai - a hankali m. Mun sanin abin da ma'adanai ne daban-daban daga cikin dutse, da kuma ba za mu iya amincewa ce cewa wadannan aka gyara na duniya a ɓawon burodi ne m.