Tsari da kuma haifuwa na ciliate-takalma

Ciliate-takalma kasance a wani aji na mafi sosai protozoa. Suna zaune a m m ruwaye. Idan ka kwatanta su da sauran kungiyoyin na protozoa, ciliates sa'an nan a mafi rikitarwa tsarin.

Features microorganisms

Class ciliate-takalma da aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi sosai shirya. Su ne manyan isa: su size iya isa 0.5 mm. Sunan suka samu godiya ta zuwa ga siffar, da kuma kama tafin takalma.

Ciliate-takalma ne ko da yaushe a motsi. A lokaci guda suke yin iyo m karshen farko. The gudun motsi ne m - na domin na 2.5 mm per second. Wannan yana nufin cewa sun shawo kan nesa na 5-10 sau da tsawon nasu jiki. A wannan yanayin, yanayin na motsi ne sosai musamman: da suka ba kawai motsa mike, amma kuma sa rotational motsi tare tsaye axis ga dama.

Tsarma wadannan kwayoyin iya zama a cikin kananan aquariums. Yana isa ya cika da talakawa makiyaya hay da ruwa daga kandami. A irin wannan tincture kafa taro protozoa. Yawanci, da microscope za a iya gano da kuma ciliate-sifila. Hotuna da wannan kwayoyin sa shi yiwuwa a fahimci dalilin da ya sa aka ba da irin wannan sunan.

propulsion

A jikin wadannan kwayoyin ne elongated kuma zahiri kama da tafin kafa kotun takalma. A gaban karshen kunkuntar, widest wani ɓangare ne mayar da uku. The jiki ne a ko'ina rufe cilia, wanda aka shirya a layuka. A jikin kwayoyin akwai game da dubu 10. Su duka aikin a Daidaita - yi undulations. Ciliates tafi ta hanyar wadannan hadewa ƙungiyoyi.

Kowane cilium a dakin da zazzabi for about 30 aikin filafili-kamar ƙungiyoyi da na biyu. Vibrational kalaman farawa daga gaban sashi na jiki da kuma ya koma. Lokaci guda, tare da jiki na kananan kwayoyin da aka yi 2-3 ƙanƙancewa tãguwar ruwa. All lashes ne mai aikin naúrar - ayyukansu sun hadewa da juna, shi ya dade da aka tabbatar Science Biology. Ciliate-takalma iya matsar a cikin daban-daban kwatance da kuma a daban-daban gudu. Yana iya amsa ga canje-canje a cikin external yanayi, canza shugabanci na motsi.

waje siffofin

Daya sashi na jiki ciliates masana kimiyyar conventionally kira da peritoneum. Wannan bangare da ke shiga da zurfi ƙullunku. Shi ne perioral rami kira peristome. A baya na baki da kuma pharynx ne. A ganuwar da cilia na peristome daina. Wannan musamman garkuwa da na'ura da koran da abinci a bakin ciliate-takalma.

The m murfin da kananan kwayoyin - ne jikin tantanin, wanda shi ne na bakin ciki na roba membrane. Wannan shi na samar da wani m nau'i na jiki, wanda shi ne daban-daban daga cikin sauran kungiyoyin na protozoa ciliate-sifila. Grade 7 makaranta kawai aka karatu kwayoyin. Sai a wannan lokaci, da yara za su koya cewa kowane cilium yana da wani fairly hadaddun tsarin.

tsarin

A kusa look ciliate-takalma ka iya ganin cewa ta jiki da aka fili ya kasu kashi biyu yadudduka. A matsanancin cover ne m. Shi ne ake kira ectoplasm. A ciki Layer na duhu, shi ya bambanta granular tsarin. Shi ne ya endoplasm. A surface Layer na ectoplasm - wani harsashi cewa ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa akwai ko da yaushe daya nau'i na ciliate-sifila. Photo dauka tare da wani na'urar hange ba ka damar ganin wani m harsashi, da ake kira pellicle.

A cikin matsanancin Layer tsakanin cilia ne perpendicular coli. Suna da ake kira trichocysts kuma yi wani m aiki. A lokacin ruri trichocysts sharply tare da ikon jefarwa zuwa waje, kafa wani dogon bakin ciki tufka. Tare da su taimako shafi predator yayi kokarin kai farmaki ta takalma. A site used trichocysts girma sababbi.

ikon Features

Class ciliate-takalma da aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi voracious. Kan aiwatar da ikon da suka karbi kawai a lokacin haifuwa. Bakin wadannan kananan kwayoyin halitta ne ko da yaushe a bude. Saboda haka, da ya kwarara daga abinci barbashi cewa samun a cikin bakinka, da wuya katse.

A lokacin da motsi na da cilia halitta a jikin ruwa ciliates DC. Tare da shi abinci ya shiga ta baki a cikin makogwaro da kuma tattara a kan kasa. Tare da qananan adadin ruwa abinci barbashi daga kasa daga cikin makogwaro da kuma wuce zuwa cikin cytoplasm. Wannan halitta a narkewa kamar vacuole. Rabu da pharynx, shi ne domin an hour yin jiki a wasu hanya ciliates.

Da farko vacuole motsa zuwa ga raya na jiki. Bayan haka, ya bayyana a kananan baka fara motsawa zuwa ga gaban baki. Sa'an nan vacuole fara motsa tare da periphery na jiki.

Kammala aiki na abinci a jikin kwayoyin a cikin wani musamman wuri. A wannan wuri ne undigested tafi a waje. Wadannan bambanta kwayoyin, kamar ciliates sifila euglena kore, amoeba. A farko daga gare su yana da kyau-tsare wuri a cikin abin da selection tsari. Wannan ake kira na ciki bango. A nan, misali, a amoebae defecation tsari zai iya faru a ko'ina.

Da aiki da abinci

A lokacin da tafi zuwa vacuole kullum na'am da narkewa kamar enzymes da narkewar abinci da aka riga tunawa a cikin cytoplasm. Dama, saukarwa a kan aiwatar da narkewa allocates ilmin halitta. Ciliate-takalma bayan samuwar vacuoles musamman ta fara samar da musamman enzymes.

Idan a farkon lokacin da abinda ke ciki na narkewa kamar gabobin ne daban-daban daga cikin muhalli, sa'an nan kuma bayan wani lokaci ya canjãwa. Yanayi a vacuole zama acidic - wani tsari na narkewa fara. Bayan haka, hoton canza. Vacuoles ciki da matsakaici zama dan kadan alkaline. Wadannan yanayi ne na wajibi a ci gaba da narkewa. tsawon rabo daga acidic da alkaline lokaci za su iya bambanta dangane da yanayin da abinci. Amma kamar yadda mai mulkin, kashi na farko, shi ne ba fiye da ¼ na cikin dukan zamanin da narkewa. A tsari na sha na abinci da aka tsaya a lokacin da akwai wani haifuwa na ciliate-takalma.

excretory tsarin

A cikin jiki, ciliate-takalma ne ba kawai narkewa kamar vacuole. Akwai kuma na musamman excretory gabobin. Suna da ake kira contractile vacuoles. All ciliates za a iya samu a kan biyu daga cikin excretory gabobin: daya shi ne a cikin ta farko da kuma na biyu - a karshe uku na jiki. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da wani musamman tsarin.

Vacuoles kunshi wani tsakiyar tafki da kuma dace da tashoshi manyan cikinta. A sake zagayowar na aiki ta fara da cika ruwa radially shirya tashoshi. Abinda ke ciki aka zuba a cikin tanki, kuma daga can ta musamman lokacin da ta je fita.

A wannan lokaci, da tashoshi sake fara cika da ruwa. A gaba da raya vacuoles rage by daya. A tsanani daga aikinsu dogara a kan muhalli da yanayi. A dakin da zazzabi, wannan sake zagayowar daukan 10-15 seconds.

aikin siffofin

Kamar yadda da wasu protozoa, a ciliate-takalma da cell tsakiya. Amma da fasali shi ne markedly daban-daban. Nukiliya inji ne na ƙwarai cikin abin da ciliates ne biyu daban-daban na nuclei. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin su main bambance-bambance daga wasu kwayoyin. A cikin cibiyar na jiki (a cikin peristome yanki) akwai manyan kwaya. Yana yawanci ne kwai-dimbin yawa. Haka kuma an kira macronucleus. Kusa kusa da shi ne wani daban-daban kwaya, wanda shi ne sau da yawa fiye da karami da size. Shi ne ake kira da micronucleus. Amma da bambanci ba kawai a cikin size, ya bambanta da yawa, kuma su tsari.

A macronucleus chromosome lambar da yake da dama da ɗari sau fi a micronucleus. Saboda haka, yawan chromosomal abu (chromatin) suka sãɓã wa jũna muhimmanci. Af, karatu da haifuwa na ciliate-takalma, za ka iya ganin cewa, a wannan tsari hannu biyu tsakiya.

Domin zuriyarsa isasshen daya kawai kananan kwayoyin. Amma aiwatar da Tasrifu fara karkashin wani yanayi. Don haka ya kira jima'i haifuwa ciliates takalma. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan tsari ne quite lengthy.

agamobium

Empirically karatu Hanyar haifuwa ciliate-takalma. Lokacin da transplanting mutum guda a raba akwatin kifaye na gaba rana akwai riga yiwu a sami 2 ko 4 na kananan kwayoyin. A lokacin da mai aiki iyo da kuma ikon da aka kare a cewa ciliates jiki kara a tsawon. Daidai a tsakiyar bayyana don zurfafa kugu, abin da hidima a matsayin wani wuri na rabuwa zuwa biyu guda kananan kwayoyin. A dukan tsari na division, a karkashin sharadi gwargwado yana game da awa daya.

Sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, ciliate-takalma ne kamar haka: ko kafin ta bayyana a jiki kugu, makaman nukiliya inji fara ninka. Microcores farko raba sa'an nan kuma juya ya zo macronucleus. A wannan yanayin, a kananan nukiliya fission tsari ne kama da mitosis, kuma mafi - amitosis.

A wannan tsari, akwai wani m zurfin sake fasalin kudin na jiki. Kafa biyu na pharynx, na baka biyu ramukan da kuma biyu peristome. Har ila yau, rabawa da muhimmi nuclei boye ciliary jiki. Ta hanyar wannan jiki na ilimi mutane rufe su rufe.

syngenesis

A wasu lokuta, za ka iya duba da aiwatar da Tasrifu. Wannan jima'i haifuwa ciliate-takalma. Yana auku kamar haka: biyu a hankali kusanci juna kananan kwayoyin, da ake ji wa juna na ciki bango. A wannan tsari, sun ci gaba da zuwa iyo for game da 12 hours. Sai suka diverge. A wannan yanayin, jikin ciliates manyan tsakiya ya ƙãrẽwa, kuma sannu a hankali narkar da a cytoplasm. Microcores farko raba, amma kashi kafa tare da tsakiya disintegrates kusan nan da nan. Kowane ciliates, da hannu a cikin tsari ne 2 core. Daya daga cikin su ya zauna a wuri, da kuma sauran abokin motsa a kuma Fused da tsakiya, wanda tuni ya ciliate-sifila.

kiwo form, wucewa kamar haka samar da giciye-hadi. Ci jima'i cell tsakiya. A sakamakon haka, a musamman tsarin da aka kafa ciliates kira synkaryon. Wannan shi ne wani hadadden core, wanda aka raba daya ko fiye sau da tuba a cikin macronucleus. Bayan na maido da al'ada nukiliya na'ura na ciliates, da aiwatar da sake yiwuwar tohowarsu.

Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa wannan hanya na haifuwa ciliate-takalma ba ya haifar da wani karuwa a yawan jama'a, da kuma inganta hereditary bambancin.