A cell tsakiya da kuma ta aiki

Tsari da kuma aiki na cell a cikin tsarin juyin halitta, shigarsu jerin canje-canje. Ana zargin sabon wasu gabbansa wadda ta gabãta daga canje-canje a cikin yanayi da kuma lithosphere matasa duniya. Daya daga cikin manyan ganĩmõmi ya tantanin halitta tsakiya. Eukaryotic kwayoyin sun samu, saboda kasancewar ware wasu gabbansa, gagarumin abũbuwan amfãni a kan prokaryotes da sauri zo mamaye.

A cell tsakiya, tsarin da kuma ayyuka na waxanda suke da dan kadan daban-daban a cikin daban-daban tsokoki da kuma gabobin, bunkasa harkar RNA biosynthesis kuma canja wuri da kwayoyin bayanai.

asalin

Don kwanan wata, akwai biyu main shiriritar game da samuwar wani eukaryotic cell. Bisa ga ka'idar symbiotic wasu gabbansa (msl, mitochondria ko flagella) sun zarar wasu prokaryotic kwayoyin. Magabatan zamani eukaryotes ta haɗiye su. A sakamakon wata symbiotic kwayoyin.

A core haka kafa a sakamakon baƙin protrusion rabo daga cytoplasmic membrane. Yana da ya wajaba a cikin hanyar saye da wani sabon hanyar ci gaba da cell abinci mai gina jiki, phagocytosis. Kamawa abinci aka tare da wani karuwa a mataki na motsi na cytoplasm. Genofory wakilci a kayyade kayan prokaryotic cell da kuma dora su da garu, da shi da dama a cikin karfi "kwarara" zone da kuma bukatar kariya. A sakamakon haka, shi kafa mai zurfi rabo daga membrane invagination dauke da genofory a haɗe. Wannan jarrabawa an tabbatar da cewa fata na kwaya inextricably nasaba da cytoplasmic membrane na sel.

Akwai wani version of events. A cewar kwayar jarrabawa na asalin da tsakiya, shi aka kafa a sakamakon kamuwa da cuta na sel na zamanin d Archaea. Yana infiltrated DNA cutar da kuma ƙarshe samu cikakken iko a kan rayuwar tafiyar matakai. Masana kimiyya la'akari da wannan ka'ida mafi daidai sakamakon yawa muhawara a cikin ni'imar. Duk da haka, to kwanan babu isasshiya shaida ga wani daga cikin data kasance shiriritar.

Daya ko fiye da

Mafi yawa daga cikin zamani eukaryotic cell yana da wani tsakiya. Mafiya yawan ƙunshi daya kawai irin organelle. Akwai, duk da haka, da kuma Kwayoyin cewa sun rasa da zuciyar saboda wasu daga cikin aikin fasali. Wadannan sun hada da, misali, da ja jini Kwayoyin. Akwai ma biyu sel (ciliates) da kuma ko da mahara tsakiya.

A tsarin da cell tsakiya

Ko da kuwa da halaye da kwayoyin, da zuciyar tsarin ne halin da wani sa na hankula da wasu gabbansa. Daga ciki cell sarari aka barsu a karkashin kashe ta biyu membrane. Its ciki da kuma na waje Layer a wasu wuraren ci, forming da pores. Su yi aiki ne da musayar abubuwa tsakanin cytoplasm da tsakiya.

wasu gabbansa karyoplasm sarari ne cika, kuma ya kira nukiliya ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ko nucleoplasm. An located chromatin da nucleolus. Wani lokaci na karshe daga cikinsu na cell nucleus din ne ba halin yanzu a cikin guda kwafin. Wasu daga cikin kwayoyin nucleoli, a maimakon haka, babu.

membrane

A nukiliya ambulan ne kafa wata sia kunshi biyu yadudduka: matsanancin da kuma na ciki. A gaskiya, yana da guda jikin tantanin. A core Magana da tashoshi na endoplasmic reticulum ta cikin perinuclear sararin samaniya da kuma wani rami kafa ta biyu harsashi yadudduka.

A m da ciki membrane suna da nasu halaye a cikin tsari, amma a general ne quite kama.

Mafi kusa zuwa cytoplasm

A matsanancin Layer wuce a cikin membrane na endoplasmic reticulum. Its main bambanci daga karshen - a ma fi maida hankali gina jiki a cikin tsarin. A membrane ne a tsaye lamba tare da cytoplasm na Kwayoyin, mai rufi da Layer a waje da ribosomes. A cikin ciki na membrane an haɗa zuwa yawa pores, shi ne mai gwada manyan gina jiki gidaje.

A ciki Layer

Ta cikin cell nucleus din membrane a matsayin adawa da matsanancin, da santsi, ba ta rufe ribosomes. Yana takaita karyoplasm. A halayyar alama na ciki membrane - nukiliya lamins Layer rufi ta gefen tuntužar da nucleoplasm. Wannan takamaiman gina jiki tsarin goyon bayan harsashi tsari, shi ne shiga a cikin tsari na gene magana da taimaka wa abin da aka makala na chromatin da makaman nukiliya membrane.

metabolism

The hulda na tsakiya da kuma cytoplasm ta hanyar makamashin nukiliya pores. Su ne quite hadaddun Tsarin kafa ta 30 sunadaran. Yawan pores a kan daya core iya zama daban-daban. Yana dogara a kan nau'in cell, sashin jiki da kuma jiki. Alal misali, a cikin mutane da cell nucleus din iya samun daga 3 zuwa 5 dubu dogon wasu rana ta je 50,000.

Home yana da wani aiki - musayar abubuwa tsakanin tsakiya da kuma sauran mutanen da cell sarari. Wasu kwayoyin shiga cikin pores passively, ba tare da wani ƙarin makamashi labari. Bã su da wani kananan size. Shari manyan kwayoyin da supramolecular gidaje na bukatar wani adadin na kwarara makamashi.

Karyoplasm na cell samun hada a tsakiya, RNA kwayoyin. A gaban shugabanci da aka hawa sunadaran da ake bukata domin intranuclear tafiyar matakai.

nucleoplasm

Nukiliya ruwan 'ya'yan itace ne mai colloidal bayani da sunadarai. Yana yana da iyaka kwaya harsashi da na kewaye da chromatin da nucleolus. Nucleoplasm - danko sosai ruwa a cikin abin da daban-daban abubuwa suna narkar. Wadannan sun hada da nucleotides kuma enzymes. A farko da muhimmanci ga DNA kira. A enzymes hannu a kwafi, kazalika da gyara da kuma DNA kwafi.

A tsarin da makaman nukiliya ruwan dabam dangane da jihar na cell. Su biyu - tsit da ya auku a lokacin division. A farko halayyar da Interphase (lokacin tsakanin ƙungiyoyin). A wannan yanayin, da makaman nukiliya sap daban-daban uniform rarraba nucleic acid da kuma unstructured DNA din. A wannan lokacin, akwai da hereditary abu a cikin hanyar chromatin. Da rabo daga cikin cell nucleus din ne tare da wani canji na chromatin cikin chromosomes. A wannan lokaci dabam karyoplasm tsarin: kayyade abu yakan mallaki wasu tsarin, makaman nukiliya ambulan karya saukar, kuma an gauraye da karyoplasm cytoplasm.

chromosome

Babban ayyuka na nucleoprotein Tsarin tuba a lokacin da rabo daga chromatin - ajiya, sayarwa da kuma canja wurin da kwayoyin bayanai, wanda yana dauke da kwayar tsakiya. Chromosomes an halin da musamman siffar: kasu kashi sassa ko kafadu farko constriction, wanda kuma ake kira tselomeroy. A cewar ta wuri akwai iri uku chromosomes:

• sanda-dimbin yawa ko acrocentric: su ne halin da ajiye tselomery kusan a karshen, daya kafada dai itace sosai kadan.
• raznoplechie ko submetacentric mallaka kafadu na unequal tsawon;
• L-daidai ko metacentric.

A sa na chromosomes a cikin cell kira wani karyotype. Kowane irin shi ne gyarawa. Kamar wancan ne daban-daban sel kwayoyin iya ƙunsar wani diploid (biyu), ko kuma haploid (guda) sa. A farko embodiment ne halayyar somatic Kwayoyin, kullum sa har cikin jiki. Haploid sa - da dama na jima'i Kwayoyin. Human somatic Kwayoyin dauke da 46 chromosomes, da jima'i - 23.

Diploid chromosome kafa biyu. M nucleoprotein tsarin kunshe a wani biyu, suna kira alleles. Suna da wannan tsari da kuma yi wannan aiki.

Chromosome tsarin naúrar ne gene. Yana wakiltar wani DNA kashi coding ga wani musamman gina jiki.

endosome

A cell nucleus din yana daya more wasu gabbansa - ne nucleolus. Yana ba a rabu daga karyoplasm membrane, amma shi ne mai sauki ga yayin da karatu Kwayoyin a karkashin wani hange. Wasu kernels iya samun mahara nucleoli. Akwai waɗanda a cikin abin da wadannan da wasu gabbansa ne ba ya nan gaba ɗaya.

A siffar na tsakiya yayi kama da Sphere, yana da wani fairly kananan size. Yana da aka hada da daban-daban da sunadarai. Babban aiki na nucleolus - kira na ribosomal RNA, kuma ribosomes da kansu. Su zama dole ga halittar polypeptide sarƙoƙi. Nucleoli aka kafa a kusa da takamaiman yankuna na genome. Suna da ake kira nucleolar Oganeza. Ya ƙunshi genes na ribosomal RNA. Nucleolus, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, shi ne wurin da cincirindo na gina jiki a cikin cell. Sashe na daga cikin sunadaran da ake bukata a yi organelle ayyuka.

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na nucleolus ne biyu aka gyara: granular da fibrillar. Na farko shi ne a maturing ribosomal subunit. Yana da za'ayi a fibrillar cibiyar ribosomal RNA kira. Granular bangaren kewaye fibrillary located in tsakiyar nucleolus.

A cell tsakiya da kuma ta aiki

Irin rawa da kwaya, an inextricably nasaba da tsarin. Ciki Tsarin organelle a hade aiwatar da mafi muhimmanci matakai a cikin cell. Ga aka located bayanan jinni wanda yake tabbatar da irin sifar da kuma aiki na cell. Kwaya ne ke da alhakin ajiya da kuma watsa kayyade bayani, yana da za'ayi a lokacin mitosis da meiosis. A cikin farko idan ya cell sami wani m sa na iyaye genes. A sakamakon meiotic jam sel suna kafa tare da wani haploid sa na chromosomes.

Wani babu kasa muhimmanci alama ne da kwaya - da tsari na kwayuka tafiyar matakai. An za'ayi da sa idanu da kira na sunadaran da alhakin sifa da aiki na salon salula gyara.

Sakamako a kan furotin kira ne wani magana. Core juya matakai cikin cell, shi hadawa duk wasu gabbansa a guda tsarin da kyau-aiki inji. Kasawa a cikin shi kullum kai ga cell mutuwa.

A karshe, da kwaya ne site na kira na subunits na ribosomes, wanda ke da alhakin samuwar wannan amino acid daga cikin sunadaran. Ribosomes suke da muhimmanci a cikin aiwatar da kwafi.

Eukaryotic cell ne mafi m tsarin fiye da prokaryotic. Ana zargin da wasu gabbansa da nasu membrane karu da yadda ya dace da kwayuka tafiyar matakai. Samuwar wata cibiya kewaye da wani sia membrane, taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa a wannan juyin halitta. Kariya na bayanan Halittar jini membrane yarda don Master zamanin d guda-celled kwayoyin zuwa sabon hanyoyi na rayuwa. Daga cikin su shi ne phagocytosis, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin versions ya jagoranci wani symbiotic kwayoyin, wanda daga baya ya zama m na zamani eukaryotic cell da dukan da halayyar da wasu gabbansa. A cell tsakiya, da sifa da aiki na wasu sabon Tsarin da damar amfani da oxygen a yanayin tafiya. A sakamakon haka shi da wani m canji a cikin duniya a Muciya, shi aza harsashin ginin da samuwar da kuma ci gaban kwayar kwayoyin. Yau, eukaryotic kwayoyin, wanda sun hada da mutane, mamaye duniya, kuma bãbu abin da portends canje-canje a wannan batun.