Shahararren Faransa tarihi Fernand Braudel: biography, mafi kyau littattafai, da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Fernand Braudel - daya daga cikin shahararrun Faransa masana tarihi. Ya ra'ayin shi ne ya yi la'akari da labarin kasa da kuma tattalin arziki dalilai a lokacin da tunani game da tarihi da matakai da ya kawo canji, a kimiyya. Mai Braudel yi sha'awar a cikin haihuwa na tsarin jari hujja. Har ila yau, masanin kimiyya shiga historiographical "Annales" makaranta, wanda aka tsunduma a cikin binciken na tarihi mamaki a cikin zaman takewar kimiyya.

biography

Haife Fernand Braudel a 1902, Agusta 24, a Lyumeville, kusa Verdun. Shi ɗan wata alƙarya malami, da kuma ciyar da wani ɓangare na da yara a wata gona da kakarsa. Amma kasancewa a cikin yanayin da aka short-rayu - a 1908, Braudel matsawa zuwa Paris.

A 1913, nan gaba tarihi zo a cikin Voltaire High School, wanda ya samu nasarar kammala a 1920 da kuma ci gaba da karatunsa a Sorbonne. Wannan sananne University of Paris wani saurayi ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1923. A wannan lokaci da ya yanke shawarar danganta su ƙaddara tare da koyarwa. Braudel gaske ya so ya samu wani wuri a cikin sama makaranta da Bar-le-Duc, wanda ya kusa da gidansa. Duk da haka, wadannan da fatan bai zo gaskiya. Kuma Fernand tafi wani malami a College of Algeria. Wannan lokaci da aka sosai hayayyafa domin binciken kimiyya da farko kimiyya takarda da aka buga a 1928. A wannan lokaci, sai ya sadu da Paula, ya nan gaba matarsa. Bugu da kari, da tarihi ya sha soja a Jamus, Faransa kungiyar na invaders, daga shekarar 1925 zuwa 1926.

Duk da haka, ya jajirce wajen wani kimiyya aiki. Tarihi yanke shawarar da ya rubuta a rubutun a kan tarihin na Spain, duk da shawarwari na Sorbonne furofesoshi dauki wani topic alaka Jamus. A shekara ta 1927, safiyo Braudel farawa. Ya nufin da tarihi da kayan adana a cikin dakunan karatu na Salamanca, ziyartar shahara wuraren da Rum, kamar birnin Dubrovnik a {asar Yugoslavia, wanda ya bar wani yawa na shaida daga cikin XVI karni.

Koma zuwa Paris da wani muhimmanci taron

A 1932, Fernand Braudel koma zuwa Paris da kuma ya zama wani malamin da lyceum Condorcet, kuma daga baya - lyceum na Henry IV. A wannan lokaci, shi zai fara wani aminci cewa zai haifar a cikin dogon lokacin da hadin gwiwa tare da sauran farfesa tarihi - Lucien Febvre. Babbar rawar yi wasa, da kuma mujallar halitta karshe a shekara ta 1929, "Annals na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa tarihi." Wannan edition ya na ba kawai kimiyya, amma wani irin juyin juya halin Musulunci, tun da aka bita bincike hanyoyin, batutuwa da kansa wani ra'ayi na tarihi a matsayin kimiyya. Febvre da shawarar, nazarin tarihi, kula ba kawai yaƙe-yaƙe da wadanada, dai itace ya zama a kan kursiyin, amma kuma da rayuwar yau da kullum na talakawa mutane a peacetime. Wadannan ra'ayoyi suna tsanani shafi Braudel kuma a hanyoyi da dama ya zama} ashin domin kansa bincike.

A 1935 Braudel samu wani tayin zama farfesa a Jami'ar Sao Paulo da ya tafi Brazil. Duk da haka, ya zauna a can wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma riga a 1937 ya koma gida, da kuma na gaba shekara lashe kujerar a cikin Paris École pratique des hautes études. A wannan lokaci, shi ne girma da abota da Fevrenom, Braudel da kuma yanke shawarar da ya rubuta wani littafi a karkashin shugabanci na wani, sadaukar da na da lokacin da Rum. Amma da farkon yakin hana wadannan tsare-tsaren.

A 1939 Braudel ne a Faransa sojojin. Kuma na gaba shekara, cikin tarihi da aka kama da ciyarwa da yaki da shekaru a hannun `, da farko a Mainz, sa'an nan a cikin wani taro sansanin a kan Baltic Coast.

A postwar shekaru

Fernand Braudel, wanda littattafai a yau ne m ba kawai daga masana tarihi amma kuma tsakanin talakawa da masu karatu, da warware kawai bayan yakin duniya na biyu da kuma nan da nan ya koma Faransa. A nan, a gida, sai aka nada malami a Sorbonne. A shekarar 1947 Braudel aboki Febvre kafa hudu sashe na École pratique des hautes études, da tattalin arziki da zaman takewar kimiyya. Kuɗin Tafiyar tushe sashe Rockefeller Foundation. Wannan batu zai kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tarihinsa daga Braudel.

A shekara ta 1949, da tarihi ya fita daga Sorbonne, kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen a kwalejin de France. Akwai ya yi aiki na dogon lokaci.

A shekarar 1956 ya mutu Lyusen Fevr, kuma Braudel ya zama shugaban kasa bisa abokinsa na hudu sashe na Practical School. Wannan matsayi ne mai tarihi zai rike har 1973. Bugu da ƙari, Braudel da kuma zama manyan edita tushen Febvre, wanda a lokacin da aka kira "Annals. Tattalin arzikin. Company. Wayewa. "

Da farko wallafe da kuma "House of Science"

A shekarar 1958 Braudel sa a methodological labarin, wanda zai zama na asali zuwa ga ka'idar. A littafin da aka kira "Tarihin da kuma zamantakewa kimiyya."

A shekarar 1959, cikin tarihi yana da wani ra'ayin bude wani bincike cibiyar da library. Ya ma zo up to sunan wuri - "House na ilimomin dan Adam." Braudel zahiri Lights sama da ra'ayin, amma da aiwatar da ya wajaba a sami wani babba adadin kudi. Ya gaji kawai a shekarar 1970 - ya zama tallafa na Ford Foundation. Bayan bude daga cikin "House" Braudel zama babban shugaba na ma'aikata.

Yana ba ya bar da bincike Fernand Braudel. Tsarin jari-hujja - ne da babban bege a 'yan shekaru. Tarihi tsanani sha'awar a cikin dalilan da wannan sabon abu. Kuma mafi muhimmanci da a cikin wannan girmamawa ne cewa Braudel gan wannan sabon abu a wani sabon abu kwana. Kamar yadda a kullum, ya biya mai girma "m" darajar for gargajiya kimiyya details - rayuwar talakawa 'yan ƙasa.

A 1967, ta bayyana a kan shelves na wuraren sayar da litattafai na farko na daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da waɗanda rubuta Fernand Braudel. "Material wayewa" ya da wani rabo a cikin tarihi amma marubucin kansa ba gaba daya gamsu da aka buga version. Saboda haka, an dauka domin cikar cikin littafin. Hard aiki ƙare a 1979. A littafin na karshe version na dukan uku-girma ayyukansu.

'yan shekarun nan

A shekarar 1970 Braudel murabus "Annals" edita a manyan saboda rashin jituwa da sabon ma'aikata. Shĩ ne kawai a maras memba na tuƙi kungiyar na wallafe. Duk da haka, nan da nan ya sami kansa ba kasa cancanci aikin Fernand Braudel. Books, kimiyya articles, mahukuntan "House of Science" - wannan shi ne abin da tarihi sarrafa dukan lokaci. A lokaci guda, ya fara aiki a kan Multi-girma aiki "The ainihi na Faransa." Duk da haka, wannan aiki ya, da rashin alheri, bai gudanar don gama.

Shahararren tarihi, ya kammala karatunsa ta hanyar zuwa kudu na Faransa, a wani karamin gari da ake kira Cote d'Azur, 28 Nuwamba 1985.

ban sha'awa facts

Duk da yake a Jamus bauta, Fernand Braudel gudanar ya gama ya sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, sadaukar da Rum a zamanin mulkin Philip II. Wannan aikin da aka kare ta a tarihi a shekarar 1947 da kuma bude hanya a gare shi a cikin babban kimiyya. Shekaru biyar a bauta, ya yi aiki ba tare da wani wallafe-wallafen kafofin, shan rubutu kan scraps na takarda.

Braudel ya kyauta domin gano talented masana kimiyya. Saboda haka, ya ya iya, zai iya ce wa kawo wadannan celebrities a duniyar kimiyya, kamar yadda M. Ferro, G. Duby, F. Fourier J. Rivelya da sauransu.

Fernand Braudel: "Abin da yake France '

Wannan aiki ne da latest aikin wani mai tarihi. A lokaci guda ya kuma ɗauki cikinsa a matsayin mafari ne na manyan jerin littattafan kishin ƙasarsa ta Faransa. Wannan bangare na sake zagayowar kunshi biyu kundin. A farko da aka kira "Space da kuma Tarihin", na biyu - "Mutane da Things".

Wannan aikin Braudel za a iya kira na musamman da kundin sani na Faransa. Ga za ka iya samun cikakken bayani game da tarihin al'adu da yanayin da kasar, game da kasa da halin da ainihi na da mazaunanta. Karanta wannan littafi, wanda zai iya kawai mamaki yadda sosai karatu Braudel mahaifarsa.

"Material wayewa, tattalin arziki da kuma tsarin jari hujja"

Wannan shi ne babban aikin da Braudel, rufe da lokaci lokaci daga XV zuwa XVIII karni da kuma bayyana tattalin arziki tarihi na duniya. Yana da wani muqala daraja tarihi. Bugu da kari, cikin samfurin da aka kira babban rabo mai girma na Faransa tarihi makaranta "Annals", saboda shi aiwatuwa da asali manufa na makaranta - a nazarin tarihi shi ne zama dole haduwa duk fannoni na al'umma.

A kashi na farko, "A Tsarin rayuwar yau da kullum"

Hakika, wannan babban aiki ba za a iya bayar da wata guda littafin, don haka ya raba shi cikin uku manyan guda na Fernand Braudel. "A Tsarin rayuwar yau da kullum" - wannan sunan ne na farko girma. Akwai cikakken nazari na tattalin arziki al'amurran da rai daga mutãne a cikin wani zamanin girma canji da kuma fitowan na jari hujja. Littafin yana kishin na musamman da kayan rayuwa. Bayan karanta shi, za ka iya ganin yadda mutane rayu a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai da haihuwa na zamani da sau, ba kawai a Turai amma bayan. I ya kula da misalai Fernand Braudel. "A Tsarin rayuwar yau da kullum" fifita a daban-daban hanyoyin tabbatar da excerpts daga treatises na lokaci, sa shi sauki ya karanta da kuma sa cikin littafin m ga mai fadi da kewayon masu karatu.

A kashi na biyu na "Game sharing"

Wannan bangare hulda da kasuwanci na tsakiyar zamanai. Braudel ya bayyana kusan duk al'amurran da wannan filin: aikin peddlers, cinikayya ƙayyadaddu na nesa, kasa da kasa musayar, bashi cantors. Tarihi mayar da hankali a kan yadda aikin na wadannan kungiyoyi tasiri cikin rayuwar al'umma baki daya. A kasuwar tattalin arzikin - da cewa shi ne babban jigo na wannan littafi.

The uku na "World Time"

Wannan girma shi ne sulusin daga cikin shahararrun trilogy, rubuta da Fernand Braudel. "Lokaci na Aminci" - wani bayanin da duniya ta tattalin arziki tarihi. Marubucin buga shi a jerin daban-daban-mamayar tattalin arzikin, wanda ake hada daya-lokaci kari. Ya na nazarin da Sanadin Yunƙurin da fall na wadannan tattalin arziki, da kuma shaci babban shiriritar cewa an samarwa a cikin farkon sassa.