Siffofin da kuma iri na canzawa

A duniyarmu, akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban siffofin rayuwa, kuma a lokaci guda a kan shi ba ko da biyu m dabbobi ko shuke-shuke. Daban-daban iri ne sosai daban-daban daga juna, amma har ma a tsakanin sosai kama a duban farko, wannan nau'in akwai wani biyu cikakken m ga juna.

Kuma mafi mamaki, duk na sama gaskiya ne ba kawai ga halittun da haifa jima'i, amma kuma ga wadanda suka karbe vegetatively, kuma ko da kwafi masu kunnen doki.

To, abin da yake cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta na Duniya bashi wannan su individuality? Gaskiyar ita ce, tun da aka kafa - ba kome, a cikin wani nau'i na zygote ko yaro tsari - jikin fara canza. Kuma ya canza dukan ransa - har mutuwarsa. Wannan dukiya daga dukan abubuwa masu rai da aka kira canzawa.

Duk da haka, da canzawa ba ko da yaushe gudanar a kan wannan shirin, amma saboda, kamar yadda ta karatu, malamai sun gano iri canzawa.

Saboda haka, canzawa iya zama ko dai wani mutum (wanda ake samu daga), da kuma kungiyar (samu daga dukan kungiyar). Na farko shi ne ya fi kowa.

Har ila yau a raba irin yanayin bambancin da aka kasaftawa, da hallmark na wanda shi ne gaskiya cewa canje-canje da ake an ya rinjayi waje dalilai, a wasu ƙasa.

Rabu jinsunan canzawa da kuma mataki na hira, idan shi ne cikakke, m, wannan canzawa daga quality, kuma idan kawai wani m hira ne bai cika ba, shi ne mai gwada yawa bambancin.

Idan wani mai rai da ake fama da wasu waje dalilai suka sa ãyõyin canji, shi ne directed canzawa kuma idan hira faruwa spontaneously, shi ne ba directional volatility. Bugu da kari, akwai wani cigaban canzawa ne mai gudana cikin ci gaba da kuma rayuwa modified kwayoyin.

Duk da cewa akwai da yawa zaɓuɓɓuka don yiwu hira halayyar ga alamun abu, ba dukan halaye samu ta hanyar shi daukar kwayar cutar a cikin zuriyarsa. Saboda haka, ko ware wadannan bambancin: hereditary da nonhereditary (gyara).

Duk da haka, wannan ba ya kawo karshen akwai. Shi ne hereditary da kuma wadanda ba hereditary siffofin canzawa zuwa kashi subtypes. Wadannan subtypes bambanta a kan wani fanni na halaye da dukiyoyinsu. Kuma aka kira su, saboda saukakawa, siffofin.

Saboda haka, su ne wadannan siffofin canzawa: gyara da kuma genotypic. Gyara, wanda kuma ake kira phenotypic, bayyana da cewa mutane daban na wannan nau'in karkashin tasirin yanayi da aka canza phenotype. A sakamakon kwayoyin ne mutum canje-canje ba su gaji.

Alal misali, idan wani Dandelion tushen da aka raba a rabin da kuma sa a yanayi daban-daban (daya rabin - a cikin duwatsu, na biyu - a kwarin), a lokacin da suka isa mafarki shuke-shuke zai zama quite shakka cewa shuka phenotype ne matuƙa, daban-daban. Girma a cikin duwãtsu na Dandelion aka tsumburai, da ganye da furanni ne ba manyan. Amma shuka da aka girma cikin kwarin, a daya hannun, zai zama high kuma da ganye - manyan. Idan zuriyar wadannan shuke-shuke girma karkashin wannan yanayi, da bambance-bambance therebetween so ba.

Babban muhimmancin da wannan canji ne adaptability na kwayoyin halittar ga halin yanzu yanayi.

Genotypic canzawa, ta sha bamban daga canji, a sakamakon shi bai canza phenotype da genotype, da kuma sabon samu sifa da aka gada. Genotypic canzawa ne zuwa kashi biyu subspecies: combinative da kuma maye gurbi (maye gurbi).

Combinative canzawa - shi ne fitowan da sabon Properties a cikin zuriyata saboda wani sabon haduwa da kwayoyin halittu da mahaifansa biyu; Alal misali, a cikin mararraba na zaki Peas da fararen furanni a cikin zuriyarsu furanni iya zama m launi.

Maye gurbi - kwatsam, amma a lokaci guda wani kwari canji na kayyade abu na wani kwayoyin, daukar kwayar cutar zuwa zuriyarsa. Maye gurbi a cikin mutum da niyya.