TCP-mashigai. List of TCP da UDP tashoshin jiragen ruwa

A kwamfuta networks, tashar jiragen ruwa shi ne na ƙarshe batu na connection a cikin tsarin aiki. Wannan kalma ana amfani da hardware na'urorin, amma software ne mai dabaru tsarin, wadda tayi wani takamaiman tsari ko sabis.

Port ne ko da yaushe hade da IP-address na rundunar da kuma nau'in sadarwa yarjejeniya da ya kammala da adireshin kasafi zaman. An gano ga kowane adireshin da yarjejeniya tare da taimakon wani 16-bit lamba, fiye da aka sani a matsayin mai tashar jiragen ruwa da dama. Specific tashar jiragen ruwa lambobi suna fiye amfani da su gano takamaiman ayyuka. Na dubbai da aka jera a 1024 da sanannun tashar jiragen ruwa lambobin an kiyayeshi daidai da yarjejeniya domin sanin takamaiman iri ayyuka a wata rundunar. Ladabi, wanda aka yafi amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa bauta ga aiwatar iko (msl, Transmission Control layinhantsaki (TCP) da kuma User Datagram layinhantsaki (UDP) Internet yarjejeniya daga kit).

darajar

A TCP-tashoshin jiragen ruwa ba su da bukatar kai tsaye links kamar "ma'ana nuna", a lokacin da kwakwalwa a kowane karshen za a iya sarrafa da daya kawai aikace-aikace a wani lokaci. Suka zama dole bayan da motoci da suka iya yi fiye da daya shirin a lokaci, kuma aka haɗa zuwa zamani fakiti-switched networks. A model, wani abokin ciniki-uwar garke aikace-aikace gine-gine, tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuma cibiyar sadarwa abokan ciniki haɗi zuwa qaddamarwa na sabis, samar da multiplexing sabis, bayan wani na farko musayar bayanai dangantaka da sanannun tashar jiragen ruwa lambar, kuma shi ne saki da ya sauya sheka kowane misali na sabis buƙatun da kwazo line. Akwai dangane da wata takamaiman adadin, kuma haka mafi abokan ciniki za a iya bauta ba tare da bata lokaci ba.

bayani

Data Link layinhantsaki - Transmission Control layinhantsaki (TCP) da kuma User Datagram layinhantsaki (UDP) - yi amfani don saka da manufa tashar jiragen ruwa lambar da wani tushe a cikin su buga kwallo segments. A tashar jiragen ruwa lambar da yake a 16-bit Unsigned lamba. Saboda haka, zai iya zama a cikin kewayon daga 0 zuwa 65.535.

Duk da haka, TCP-tashoshin jiragen ruwa ba zai iya yin amfani da lambar 0 for UDP Source Port ne na tilas, da kuma darajar sifili, ma'ana da yake babu.

A tsari ya haɗu da shigar ko fitarwa tashoshi ta cikin Internet soket (irin descriptor fayil) da kai yarjejeniya, da tashar jiragen ruwa lambar da IP-address. Wannan tsari ne da aka sani a matsayin dauri, da kuma shi damar watsa bayanai da liyafar via wani cibiyar sadarwa.

Cibiyar sadarwa tsarin aiki software alhakin outbound watsa bayanai daga dukan aikace-aikace tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin cibiyar sadarwa da kuma tura inbound cibiyar sadarwa fakitoci (by matching da IP-adireshin da lambobin wayoyin tarho). Daya kawai tsari za a iya daura wani takamaiman IP-address da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa haduwa yin amfani da wannan yarjejeniya kai. Janar aikace-aikace kasawa, wani lokacin kira tashar jiragen ruwa rikice-rikice bayyana lokacin da mahara shirye-shirye na kokarin tuntubar da wannan tashar jiragen ruwa lambobi a kan wannan-da IP address, ta yin amfani da wannan yarjejeniya.

Yadda aka yi amfani da

Aikace-aikace aiwatar da kowa sabis sau da yawa amfani musamman tanada da kuma sanannun jerin TCP da UDP tashoshin jiragen ruwa zuwa sama sabis buƙatun daga abokan ciniki. Wannan tsari ne da aka sani a matsayin sauraro, da kuma ya hada da samun da bukatar wani sananne tashar jiragen ruwa kuma suka tsayar da tattaunawa tsakanin uwar garken da kuma abokin ciniki "daya-to-daya", tare da wannan gida mai tashar jiragen ruwa da dama. Sauran abokan ciniki iya ci gaba da za a haɗa - wannan shi ne zai yiwu, tun da TCP dangane aka gano a matsayin sarkar kunshi m da kuma gida adireshin da tashar jiragen ruwa. Standard TCP da UDP tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna ƙaddara da yarjejeniyar a karkashin iko da Internet Sanya Lissafi Authority (IANA).

A core na sabis na cibiyar sadarwa (musamman, WorldWideWeb), yawanci yana amfani da wani karamin yawan tashoshin jiragen ruwa - kasa da 1024. A da yawa Tsarukan aiki da bukatar musamman da gata don aikace-aikacen su ɗaure a gare su, saboda sun sukan dauke su da muhimmanci ga aiki na IP-tushen networks. A daya hannun, da mahadi na karshen abokin ciniki, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya shafi manyan yawan su, zaba domin gajeren lokaci amfani, duk da haka, akwai abin da ake kira ephemeral mashigai.

tsarin

TCP-tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ake shigar wanda ke aiki a cikin fakiti BBC na kai yarjejeniya, kuma suka za a iya fassara ba kawai aika da karban kwakwalwa, amma kuma sauran gyara na cibiyar sadarwa kayayyakin more rayuwa. A musamman firewalls, yawanci kaga rarrabe tsakanin fakitoci dangane da tushen ko manufa tashar jiragen ruwa lambobi. Onni ne mai classic misali na wannan.

A yi} o} arin haɗi zuwa wani fanni na tashoshin jiragen ruwa a jerin a kan kwamfuta da aka sani da su scanning. Wannan shi ne yawanci saboda ko dai qeta ƙoƙari kasa ko cibiyar sadarwa ma'aikata neman yiwu vulnerabilities don taimaka hana irin wannan hare-hare.

Ayyuka da nufin yadda bude TCP-tashar jiragen ruwa, sau da yawa sarrafawa da kuma rubuta da taimakon kwakwalwa. Wannan dabara yana amfani da wani yawan kayayyakin sadarwa domin tabbatar da santsi dangane da uwar garke.

misalai na amfani

A mafi muhimmanci misali, inda yadu amfani TCP / UDP tashoshin jiragen ruwa, shi ne Internet mail tsarin. A uwar garken da ake amfani da e-mail (aikawa da kuma karbar), kuma kullum na bukatar da sabis na biyu. A farko sabis da ake amfani da su safarar mail da sauran sabobin. Wannan shi ne cimma via Simple Mail Transfer layinhantsaki (SMTP). Kamar yadda mai mulkin, aikace-aikace da sabis na sauraren a kan TCP-SMTP tashar jiragen ruwa lambar 25 domin aiwatar da shigowa buƙatun. Wani sabis ne mai POP (cikakken - Post Office layinhantsaki) ko IMAP (ko samar da aikin Intanet) wanda wajibi ne ga abokin ciniki aikace-aikace zuwa e-mail zuwa ga masu amfani da 'inji zuwa sama e-mail server. POP tapped Services dakuna da TCP-tashar jiragen ruwa 110. sama da sabis zai iya duka biyu gudu a kan wannan rundunar kwamfuta. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, da tashar jiragen ruwa da lambar bambanta da sabis nema da wani m na'urar - wani mai amfani da PC ko wani mail server.

Duk da yake cikin uwar garke sauraron tashar jiragen ruwa lambar da aka tsare (IANA kira su da sanannun tashoshin jiragen ruwa), da abokin ciniki zaɓi ne sau da yawa zaba daga tsauri kewayon. A wasu lokuta, abokan ciniki akayi daban-daban da kuma uwar garke amfani da takamaiman TCP-mashigai sanya wa IANA. Kyakkyawan misali shi ne DHCP, inda abokin ciniki a duk lokuta amfani UDP 68, da kuma uwar garke - UDP 67.

Aikace-aikace The URL-adireshin

Port lambobi ne wani lokacin a fili a bayyane a kan Internet, ko wasu Uniform Resource Locator (URL). By tsoho, HTTP yana amfani da TCP-tashar jiragen ruwa 80 da HTTPS - 443. Duk da haka, akwai wasu bambancin. Alal misali, URL-adireshin http://www.example.com:8080/path/ nuna cewa Web browser da aka haɗa ta 8080 maimakon na HTTP uwar garke.

List of TCP da UDP tashoshin jiragen ruwa

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, Internet Sanya Lissafi Authority (IANA) ne ke da alhakin duniya daidaituwa na DNS-Akidar, IP-address da sauran Internet yarjejeniya albarkatu. Wannan ya hada da rajista amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa lambobi ga sanannun sabis na Intanit.

A tashar jiragen ruwa lambobi kasu kashi uku jeri: sanannun rijista da kuma tsauri, ko masu zaman kansu. Da kyau a san (wanda kuma aka sani a matsayin tsarin) - yana da ciwon lambobi daga 0 zuwa 1023. Bukatun domin sababbin alƙawura a cikin wannan fanni ne mafi stringent fiye da ga sauran asusun.

Yadu da aka sani misalai

Misalai da suke cikin wannan jerin hada da:

• TCP tashar jiragen ruwa 443: HTTP Secure (HTTPS).
• 21: da aiken fayil (FTP).
• 22: m Shell (SSH).
• 25: Simple Mail Transfer layinhantsaki (SMTP).
• 53: Domain Name System (DNS).
• 80: Kama aikin yanar gizo (HTTP).
• 119: Network News aiken (NNTP).
• 123: Network yarjejeniya lokaci (NTP) ..
• 143: Mazubin sadarwa ta intanet (IMAP)
• 161: Simple Network Management layinhantsaki (SNMP) 1.
• 94: Internet Relay Chat (IRC).

Rajista Mashigai hada lambobi daga 1024 zuwa 49151. IANA kula da wani jami'in jerin san da rajista makada. Dynamic ko masu zaman kansu - daga 49152 zuwa 65535. Daya amfani da wannan fanni ephemeral mashigai.

Tarihi na halitta

tashar jiragen ruwa da lambar ra'ayi da aka halitta farkon ARPANET developers karkashin na yau da kullum hadin gwiwa na mawallafa na software da kuma tsarin gudanarwa mai.

Kalmar "tashar jiragen ruwa" ba a yi amfani da su a wani lõkaci. Lambar motar ga m rundunarsu mai 40-bit lambar. A farko 32 ragowa sun kama yau IPv4-adireshin, amma mafi muhimmanci su ne na farko 8 ragowa. A kalla gagarumin ɓangare na lamba (ragowa 33 zuwa 40) suturta wani abu, da ake kira AEN. Wannan ne samfur na zamani tashar jiragen ruwa lambar.

Maris 26, 1972 shi ne na farko ya ba da shawara halittar wani directory na soket lambobi a RFC 322. A cibiyar sadarwa shugaba kira bayyana kowane m dakin ta ayyuka da kuma sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Wannan kasida da aka buga a matsayin baya RFC 433 a watan Disamba 1972, da kuma hada da jerin Runduna, su tashar jiragen ruwa lambobi da kuma daidai aiki da za a yi amfani da a kan kowane kumburi a cikin cibiyar sadarwa. A May 1972, da hukuma manufa tashar jiragen ruwa lambobi a karon farko rubuce, sabis na cibiyar sadarwa, da kuma samar da wani musamman administrative aiki don kula da wannan rajista.

A farko jerin TCP-tashar jiragen ruwa 256 AEN da dabi'u da aka raba da wadannan jeri:

• 0 zuwa 63: misali fasali a fadin cibiyar sadarwa
• 64 zuwa 127: watsa shiri-takamaiman ayyuka
• 128 zuwa 239: tanada nan gaba amfani
• Daga 240 zuwa 255: wani gwaji fasalin.

Telnet sabis ya samu na farko na aikin aiki na dabi'u 1. A cikin farkon zamanin da ARPANET lokaci AEN kuma ake kira da sunan soket da aka yi amfani da asali yarjejeniya dangane (MSP) da kuma wani bangaren na cibiyar sadarwa management shirin (NCP). Kamar wancan NCP ya riga shi zuwa na yau Internet ladabi amfani da TCP / IP mashigai.