Trophic sarkar. Makiyaya abinci sarkar. Trophic wadata kewaye

Trophic sarkar - wannan dangantaka a matakin tsakanin daban-daban edible macro- da micro-kwayoyin ta hanyar abin da makamashi gudana a kunsa canji da kuma abu. All shuka, dabbobi, da kuma microscopic kwayoyin suna a hankali da alaka da juna a kan manufa da "abinci - mabukaci".

asali ma'anar

Trophic sarkar - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Properties na wani yanayin kasa. Wannan abinci sarkar. Yana nuna wani kwance jerin jinsunan. Lokacin da wannan yunkuri da aka nuna a cikin al'ummar yanayin kasa a cikin tsari na ciyar da biochemical makamashi da kuma kwayoyin halitta. Ga misali: ciyawa - a hare - kerkẽci - kwayoyin. Matsayin mai mulkin, a kan saman abinci da dala ne babban predator. A lokaci kanta - wani wanda aka samu daga Girkanci kalmar "ganima", wanda yake nufin "abinci". Kafin mu magance da cewa wannan abinci sarkar, kana bukatar ka yi la'akari da matsalolin kamar kera, masu amfani da kuma decomposers.

kera

Furodusa ne a rukuni na kwayoyin wanda suke iya rairaya kwayoyin halitta daga hadaddun ma'adinai mahadi. Wadannan sun hada da, na farko, autotrophs. Waɗannan su ne tsire-tsire da kuma microscopic algae, wanda ta hanyar photosynthesis iya maida hasken rana cikin wani waje biochemical. Yana accumulates a cikin Kwayoyin da ake da hannu a cikin metabolism. A kunsa, misalai na kera ne ferns, mosses da gymnosperms da flowering shuke-shuke. A cikin teku, shi ke da plankton. Tiny kore algae - misali ne na samar da duk na cikin ruwa al'amarin.

consuments

Consuments - yana da daban-daban na kwayoyin da cewa ciyar a kan kwayoyin halitta kawai, wanda ake hada kera. A yanayin kasa da masu amfani da ake kira heterotrophs. Yana iya zama dabbobi masu cin nama da kuma herbivores, kwari. Rarrabe tsakanin daban-daban umarni na masu amfani da. Wannan rabo dogara ne a kan Jihar kwayoyin a cikin abinci sarkar.

By consuments 1st domin hada herbivorous dabbobi, kwari da tsuntsaye. Alal misali, abinci katako iya hada sarkar zomo, linzamin kwamfuta, barewa, Elk. Duk wadannan dabbobi ne ta hanyar amfani da na 1st domin. Su bayãnin hukuncin alama ne da cewa suna ciyar da abinci a kan kera, cewa shi ne tsire-tsire. Wannan shi ne yafi hakori, ungulates, macizai, kadangaru da daban-daban halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da kuma kwari, kifi, kananan tsuntsaye.

Consuments 2nd kuma m umarni - yana da kawai predatory jinsunan. Sun gina su sunadarai daga Organic abu na dabba ko kayan lambu asalin. Wannan kungiyar hada da beyar, canine, feline, manyan tsuntsaye masu cin nama, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da macizai. A yanayin kasa daga cikin teku da wannan alkuki shagaltar da Whales da dabbobin ruwa.

decomposers

Decomposers kira jefa kwayoyin sharan kwayoyin. Wannan kwayoyin da fungi. Suna zaune a cikin ƙasa kuma ta da da tafiyar matakai na lalace. Decomposers ne synonymous tare da Kalmar "destructors". A halin yanzu, kungiyar da aka kara da cewa, da kuma bacteriophages.

The main iri trophic sarƙoƙi

Akwai kawai biyu na asali iri abinci sarƙoƙi: detrital da dabbõbin. Suna da gagarumin bambanci. Makiyaya abinci sarkar (sarkar ko dabbõbin) dangane da hadaddun dangantaka da daban-daban kungiyoyin na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da saprophytes. Yana dogara ne a kan autotrophic kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne da farko a shuka. Bi ta herbivorous dabbobi. Alal misali, ungulates, ko hakori. A tekuna da ruwaye, shi za a iya zooplankton. Kuma a karshe, a saman da abinci sarkar ne da yara na 2nd domin. Wannan nau'in cewa ba farauta a cikin daji. Alal misali, beyar, da wakilan da cat iyali, da tsuntsaye na ganima. Musamman dogon dabbõbin abinci sarkar a cikin tekuna. Ga an same consuments 6 ga watan da kuma 7-th tsari.

Detrital trophic sarkar dangane da bazuwar tsari. Su ko da yaushe shiga fungi ko kwayoyin-saprophytes.

Detrital abinci sarkar

Irin wannan bazuwar sarkar ne ya fi kowa a cikin gandun daji, da kuma inda mafi yawan amfanin gona da aka ba cinye kai tsaye herbivorous dabbobi. Amma ta vuya. Its sarrafa microscopic fungi da kwayoyin cuta, wadda ana kira saprophytes. Dukan abinci detrital abinci sarkar ko da yaushe yana farawa da detritus. Sun ci gaba da kwayoyin da cewa karya saukar da sake sarrafasu, su. Sa'an nan kuma akwai da detritus kuma su masu amfani - da predatory jinsunan. A kunsa tekuna da kuma tekuna, musamman a cikin zurfin ruwa, kuma aka mamaye detrital sarkar. Akwai yanayin da ba tsira da babban yawan yara, don haka su wuri ne shagaltar da kwayoyin.

trophic matakan

Trophic sarkar da aka hada da dama yadudduka. Wadannan links za a iya sauƙi samu a wani yanayin kasa na duniya. A farko matakin ne ko da yaushe gabatar kera. Na biyu - da masu amfani da wata daban-daban domin. A takaice kewaye, yawanci na uku raka'a, a cikin tsawon na lamba ba a iyakance. Amma za a zama kullum da latest micro-kwayoyin da fungi. Duk wani trophic sarkar abinci ya ƙare decomposers. Su main aiki a daban-daban kunsa - a sake amfani kwayoyin halitta zuwa ma'adinai mahadi. A mafi tsawo abinci sarkar wadata kafa a cikin tekuna da ruwaye. A guntu na su - a cikin dazuzzuka da kuma natsuwa. Irin wannan juna jerin m trophic matakan da Forms samar da lantarki kewaye.

Yana da muhimmanci a bayyana cewa trophic abinci sarkar ba ko da yaushe complete. Yana iya rasa wasu sassa. Wani lokaci su "sauke daga" daya dalili ko wata. Da fari dai, ba ko da yaushe gabatar a cikin sarkar na shuke-shuke - kera. Su ne ba ya nan a waɗannan al'ummomin cewa an kafa a kan tushen da Rotting ciyayi da kuma (ko) dabba saura. A daukan hankali misali - zuriyar dabbobi na ganye a cikin dazuzzuka. Abu na biyu, heterotrophs iya zama rasa a abinci, sarƙoƙi, watau dabbobi. Ko za su iya zama kananan. Alal misali, a cikin wannan gandun daji deciduous ya'yan itace da kuma rassan, bypassing na masu amfani da, nan da nan za a fara decompose. A wannan yanayin, domin kera nan da nan ya bi ta hanyar decomposers. A kowane yanayin kasa kafa trophic sarkar fara daga muhalli da yanayi. A karkashin wasu effects, musamman a kan wani ɓangare na mutum, waɗannan haihuwarka iya ƙara ko, kamar yadda yakan faru ne saboda samun koma baya na nau'i nau'i na wasu raka'a.

Misalan trophic sarƙoƙi

Trophic kewaye, dangane da wani yawan raka'a ta kunshi, zai iya zama mai sauki kuma mai lebur. Wani misali da wani sauki cikakken da'ira, a cikin abin da akwai kera, masu amfani da kuma decomposers, na iya bayyana kamar haka: ASP - dabbar beaver - kwayoyin.

Nagartaccen trophic sarƙoƙi dauke da wani ya fi girma yawan links. Amma yawanci su yawan bai wuce 6-7 a data kasance halitta al'amarin. Wadannan dogon sarƙoƙi za a iya samu a cikin teku, da tekuna. A sauran raka'a yawanci real kunsa 5. Akwai da dama misalai na yadda za a yi abinci-sarkar for daban-daban jeri:

1. algae - roach - perch - burbot - kwayoyin.

2. Plankton - murjani - pomacentridae Kifi - White Shark - kwayoyin.

3. Grass - fara - rana - lalle ne, haƙĩƙa - da shaho.

Duk wadannan misalai daga dabbõbin haihuwarka da yara. Amma akwai sauran iri dangantaka. Alal misali, parasites sarkar. Su duba kamar haka: ciyawa - saniya - a tapeworm - kwayoyin. Wani lokaci saboda sarkar iya fada consuments: currant - powdery fumfuna naman gwari - phage. Makiyaya abinci sarkar bambanta daga parasitic cewa yara girma a cikinta, ƙara da kara matakin mahada jerin. Amma kamar yadda decomposers har yanzu kasance saprophytes a lokuta biyu. A kadan daban-daban look detrital sarkar: leaf zuriyar dabbobi - microscopic fungi - kwayoyin.