Universal mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga a ƙasashen EU da Rasha

Mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga ne wani nau'i na zamantakewa tsaro tsarin, a cikin abin da duk 'yan ƙasa da kuma mazauna kasar a kai a kai sami wasu kudi daga gwamnati ko daga duk wani sauran jama'a kungiyar a Bugu da kari da yiwuwar albashi. Idan haka ne bayar ta wajen kasa da m abincinsa matakin, an dauke m. Mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga ne key bangaren da yawa model na kasuwar gurguzanci. Uzuri ra'ayi tsaye Filipp Van Parijs, Eylsa Makkey, Andre Gorz, Gillel Shtayner, Peter Vallentyne da Guy zaunannen.

tarihi tushen

A tattaunawa game da bukatar da gabatarwar duniya mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga ya fara a Turai, a 1970-1980 ta. Yana da aka jera saboda da muhawara a Amurka da kuma Canada. A batun hankali fara da za a tattauna a duk raya ƙasashe, Latin Amurka, da yankin gabas ta tsakiya da kuma ko a wasu kasashe a Afrika da Asiya. Alaska Dindindin Asusun an dauki daya daga cikin mafi kyau misalai na mika wuyansu da biyan kudin shiga, albeit m. Similar tsarin na zamantakewa tsaro wanzu a Brazil, Macau da kuma Iran. Basic samun kudin shiga matukin jirgi ayyukan da aka aiwatar a cikin Amurka da Canada a shekarun 1960s da 1970s, Namibia (2008) da kuma a Indiya (tun 2010). A Turai, akwai siyasa mafita ga kokarin aiwatar da su a France, da Netherlands da kuma Finland. A shekara ta 2016, a Switzerland gudanar da wani zaben raba gardama a kan batun, amma 77% na mutanen da zabe kan gabatarwar wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga.

kafofin na kudi

Lokacin da Milton Friedman da kuma sauran tattalin arziki na farko samarwa korau samun kudin shiga da haraji, shi da aka yi imani da cewa na gwargwado tsarin zai rage burokrasi kuma ƙarshe kai zuwa fitowan da tabbacin samun kudin shiga ga kowane mazaunin. Proponents wannan ra'ayi bayar da shawarar da "kore", wasu socialists, feminists da ake kira fashin teku jam'iyyar. Wakilai daga cikin daban-daban tattalin arziki makarantu miƙa zuwa da kuɗaɗen da aikin a hanyoyi daban-daban. A socialists yi imani da cewa tabbatar da duniya mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga da za a iya samu ta hanyar jama'a mallakar wajen samar da albarkatun kasa. "Dokokin", misali, Friedman yi imani da cewa kawai bukatar shigar da wani gwargwado haraji tsarin. Green miƙa kansa hanya. Sun yi imani da cewa an mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga da za a iya kudi a kudi na muhalli haraji. Daga cikin madadin kafofin na mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga ga duk za a iya kira m tsarin na VAT, kuma monetary garambawul.

matukin shirye-shirye

A mafi nasara misali da cewa a kalla a m mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga da za a iya gabatar, ne Alaska Dindindin Asusun. Hakazalika aiki Bolsa Familia tsarin for matalauta iyalai a Brazil. Sauran matukin shirye-shirye sun hada da:

• Gwaje-gwajen da korau samun kudin shiga da haraji a Amurka da kuma Kanada a shekarun 1960s da 1970s.
• The aikin a Namibia wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2008.
• Gwaji a Brazil tun 2008.
• Indian aikin, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2011.
• Ba Kai tsaye himma a Kenya da Uganda. Ya unshi aika mãsu yin sadaka taimako via mobile phones to mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin matsananci talauci.
• A binciken a yankunan karkara na North Carolina a Amurka.

A Jamus, da aikin hannu mutane 26, kowanne daga abin da gwamnati ta biya wata-wata € 1,000. Daga 2017 zuwa 2019 kowane mazauni na Finland ma za a biya wani adadin kudi a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwaji.

Bulgaria

A karshen watan Maris na 2013 Asusun The Blue Bird Foundation koya game da "shirin na Turai jama'a domin mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga" da kuma yanke shawarar shiga cikin yakin. Tony Badzhdarov samarwa a da cikakken koyi ga Bulgaria. Source na kudade domin shi ya kamata ku bauta a matsayin wani sarki kudin, da dawowar VAT da excise haraji. The tawagar Ya halitta da kansa site da kuma shafukan a social networks. A yakin da aka yi talla a kan kasa rediyo da kuma a cikin jirgin karkashin kasa. Asusun gudanar don samun goyon bayan da dama kungiyoyin da kwadago. Initiative a cikin online zabe goyon mai rikodin yawan mutane. A watan Disamba, 2014 a can ne na farko da jam'iyyar siyasa, wanda ya hada da gabatarwar wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga a cikin shirin. Shi ke kira "Bulgarian Union for kai tsaye dimokuradiyya" da kuma fada domin dama na kowane mutum zuwa ga manya rayuwa.

United Kingdom

A Birtaniya, an mika wuyansu na asali samun kudin shiga ga kowane dan kasa - shi ya dade wani topic for tattaunawa. Ga shi ya yi Dennis Milner a cikin 1920s. Yau, mafi yawan jam'iyyun siyasa ko na United Kingdom ba la'akari da wannan ra'ayin, ko hamayya da shi. Duk da haka, akwai proponents na wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga. "Scottish National Party" a wani taro a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2016 ya kira domin sauyawa daga cikin data kasance zamantakewa tsaro tsarin. "Ga" da aka sanya da kuma wasu daga cikin sauran kungiyoyin siyasa da. Daga cikinsu akwai "kore", da Scottish socialists da kuma "yan fashi" na United Kingdom. A watan Fabrairu 2016 Dzhon Makdonnell ce cewa bullo da wani asali samun kudin shiga ne dauke da Labour Party.

Jamus

Jamus ma tun farkon shekarun 1980s, tunani game da yadda za a gabatar da wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga. Jamus ta kawai kwanan nan ya fara aiwatar da aikin, a cikin abin da mutane 26 halarci. A tsawon shekaru domin gabatarwar wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga a kasar sun kawai 'yan kimiyya, da masana kamar Claus Offe. Duk da haka, bayan da ya gyara aikinsa, samarwa da hukuma Gerharda Shredera a 2003-2005 shekara, a Jamus akwai fiye da magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi. A 2009th taron majalisar amsa a kan Suzanne Vayst - uwargida, wata takarda wadda tsiwirwirinsu 52973 kuri'u. A 2010, Jamus wuce 'yan zanga-zangar na cikakkar samun kudin shiga, da most - a Berlin. Tun da 2011 shekarar da "ga" farkon na yi, "dan fashi na teku Party". Memba cikin sauran kungiyoyin siyasa da kuma goyi bayan ra'ayi na mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga.

Netherlands

Mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga vigorously muhawara daga shekarar 1970 zuwa shekarar 1990. Da farko, tattaunawa da aka qaddamar da tattalin arziki Leo Yansenom a shekarar 1975. A gabatarwar da wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga da aka hada a zaben shirin siyasa M Party. A cikin shekaru 10 da shekaru, da tambaya aka tashe sau ɗaya kawai. A shekara ta 2006, shugaban na "kore" Femke Halsema ya hada da gabatarwar wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga a zaben shirin. A birnin Utrecht, na huɗu most yawan jama'a a cikin kasar, sun kaddamar da wani matukin jirgi aikin. Duk da haka, da cikakkar samun kudin shiga da ya kamata a biya kawai kungiyoyin mutanen da suka riga karbar amfanin. Game 30 birane a halin yanzu ma la'akari da yiwuwar aiwatar da irin wannan aikin.

Mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga Finland

"Center", daya daga cikin hudu manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar, kazalika da "Hagu Alliance" da "Green League", a cikin ni'imar da gabatarwar wannan ra'ayi. A May 2015, shekarar farko da gwamnatin yanke shawarar gabatar da wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga. Finland zai zama kasa ta farko a wanda duk zai karɓi shekara biyu a Jimlar kudi tun 2017.

Faransa

An mika wuyansu na asali samun kudin shiga da aka dauke a matsayin ra'ayi daga 1970s. Duk da haka, kawai a 2015 a yankin majalisar dokokin kasar na Aquitaine zabe ta tallafi. A Janairu 2016 wata jama'a shawara jiki a kan al'amurran da suka shafi dijital wallafa wani rahoton da shi shawarar da za su gudanar da wani gwaji. A zaben ya nuna cewa, yawan da yawan da aka a cikin ni'imar da biyan wani mika wuyansu na asali samun kudin shiga ga duk 'yan ƙasa.

Switzerland: Referendum

An mika wuyansu na asali samun kudin shiga ya dade da aka tattauna a cikin kasar. Switzerland na da wata kungiya BIEN-Switzerland da kuma kungiyar Grundeinkommen, suna a cikin ni'imar da za'a aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi. A 2006, sociologist Zhan Zigler kira mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga a Switzerland, daya daga cikin mafi m ideas. A 2008 Daniel Hani da Enno Schmidt sanya wani fim a wanda ya yi kokarin bayyana amfanin da aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi. Yana duba fiye da 400 da mutane dubu. Sun fi mayar da godiya ga shi har ma fiye da mutane a cikin German- da kuma Faransa-magana kasashe sun zama magoya bayan na ra'ayin. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, cikin cikakkar samun kudin shiga a Switzerland ne batun a rare majalisu himma. Gangamin gudanar da tattara da zama dole 126.000 sa hannu. A zaben raba gardama a Switzerland a kan mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga da aka gudanar a watan Yuni 5, 2016. Fiye da 77% na mazauna sun ki sami 2500 francs a watan jiya.

Rasha

Mutane da yawa mazauna Rasha bugi labarai cewa Swiss ki sami kudi kawai. Nan da nan da tambaya tashi ko cikakkar samun kudin shiga a Rasha ne zai yiwu? Daga cikin rashin irin wannan tsarin na zamantakewa tsaro ne ba kawai da karuwa a cikin haraji nauyi a kan 'yan asalin kasar da kuma rage dalili to aikin, amma kuma da girma yawan baƙi. Switzerland ta samarwa gabatarwar wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga na 2,500 francs, shi ne game da rabin da talakawan ijara. Idan ka yi amfani da wannan lissafi hanya ga Rasha, a nan zai zama game da 10,000 rubles. Tun Yuli 1, da mafi ƙarancin albashi zai zama kawai 7500, tsadar rayuwa da ita ko da ƙananan. Saboda haka, akwai mutane da yawa da suke so su "zauna a gida". A cewar masana, da gabatarwar wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga a Rasha iya kawai ta da hauhawar farashin kaya, saboda biya ba za a kanka, kuma niyya ga mafi m alƙarya. Duk da haka, akwai wani ra'ayi. Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa gabatarwar wani mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga zai ba da damar mutane su yi abin da shi ne sadaukarwa. Kuma shi iya da wata babbar tabbatacce tasiri a cikin dogon lokaci. Watakila mutanen da za su fara yi karin asali bincike. Kuma Rasha za su jira m fasaha canji. Ko mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga na iya taimaka mutane aikata mafi m aiki. Saboda haka, shi ne bu mai kyau da za su gudanar da gwaji a Rasha cikin guda birni ko manufa kungiyar.

zargi

Majalisar kasar Jamus, da Hukumar tattauna gabatarwar duniya, da kuma mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga dauke unfeasible aikin. Yana sa a gaba da wadannan dalilai:

• Allah zai shigar da wani gagarumin raguwa a dalili aiki tsakanin talakawa 'yan ƙasa, wanda, bi da bi, ka bi da unpredictable sakamakon da tattalin arzikin kasar.
• Muna bukatar mu kammala sake fasalin kudin haraji, da jin dadin rayuwa fansho, wanda zai kai ga gagarumin halin kaka.
• A halin yanzu Jamus tsarin ne mafi tasiri domin shi ne mafi da keɓaɓɓun. The adadin taimakon ba a saita tabbatattun da kuma dogara a kan wani mutum ta kudi matsayi. Ga wasu m kungiyoyin mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga ba zai isa zuwa rayuwa.
• Aiwatar da wannan aikin zai kai ga wani gagarumin ambaliya na baƙi.
• Ya za ya kunsa fadada daga cikin inuwa tattalin arziki.
• The m karuwa a haraji zai kai ga mafi rashin daidaito saboda tsalle a farashin asali abinci da zai worsen da kudi wuri na talakawa.
• Duk da yake a Jamus ba a sami wani mai yiwuwa hanya zuwa da kuɗaɗen da gabatarwar duniya mika wuyansu da samun kudin shiga.

Kamar yadda ka gani, Jamus da kuma sauran kasashe, ciki har da Rasha, da tambaya ya zauna bude.