Welsh tarihi da kuma halaye

Welsh harshe - daya daga cikin rubutun Celtic Brythonic kungiyar. An yafi rarraba a yammacin ɓangare na UK gwamnati, cewa shi ne, a Wales, inda jawabin ma'aikata game da 659.000 mutane.

A tarihin fitowan da kuma ci gaban

An sani cewa wannan harshe fara fito fili daga VI karni kuma ya zama dalilin da Birtaniya. Its sunan zo daga kalmar Walha, wanda yake nufin "wani jawabin." A farko makaranta tare da koyar da Welsh da aka kafa a Aberystwyth a 1939. A zamaninmu, shi ya bude fiye da 500 makarantu, inda koyarwa da aka gudanar gaba ɗaya a Cymric (haka shi ne ake kira da kafofin watsa labarai da kansu).

A farkon wallafe-wallafen misalai, wanda ake amfani da rubutu da Welsh harshe za a iya kira Taliesin waqe da poemu "gododdin" Aneirin marubucin wanda ya bayyana yaƙi 600-shekara tsakanin Northumbrians da Celts. Ainihin ranar da rikodi na wadannan ayyukan da aka ba su sani ba kowa. Har lokacin da su bayyanar duk da wallafe-wallafen ayyukan samu a kasar, da aka rubuta a Latin.

bambance-bambancen karatu na amfani

Da yake jawabi game da yau Cymric a cikin m ji, shi wajibi ne a ce shi ne zuwa kashi biyu main sassa: magana da wallafe-wallafen. Na farko wani zaɓi da ake amfani a yau da kullum na yau da kullum jawabin, wanda aka hanzari da ake ci gaba da inganta karkashin ma'aunansa na duniya ta yau. A mafi girma canje-canje faruwa a cikin lexicon: bacewar kalmomi denoting abubuwa da an daina amfani da shi, da kuma, a kan m, zuwa na sabon, Topical maganganu.

Welsh wallafe-wallafen harshen amfani da m yanayi da kuma a cikin takardun gwamnati. Ya zauna kusa da fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki a 1588.

topicality

Welsh wuya matattu, saboda a zamanin yau akwai da dama daga TV tashoshi da gidajen rediyo cewa watsa shirye-shirye a cikin Welsh ne gaba daya, ko kuma yawanci. Bugu da kari, kasar ta fito mako-mako da kuma wata-wata wallafe, kuma aka buga game da 500 littattafai a shekara. Yara shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru 16 koyi Welsh Turanci a makarantun a matsayin babban ko'ina cikin binciken.

A 2001, bayan da ƙidaya nuna wani karu a cikin rabo na mazauna suka sami damar magana Welsh, harshen da aka soke shawara. Maimakon haka, shi ya kasance cikin post na kwamishinan Welsh harshe. Its main aiki shi ne taimakawa ga m amfani da Welsh. Cikin ayyukan da Kwamishinan dogara a kan dokoki biyu:

• Jihar Welsh harshen kamata da yanayi a kan matakin da aiki na Turanci.
• gaban kafofin watsa labarai albarkatun in Welsh, wanda yawan jama'ar za a yi amfani da, idan so.

Farko da matsayi shagaltar M. Hughes, wanda yake a baya mataimakin darektan Harshe Board. A shekara daga baya, majalisar dokokin shige da wata doka bisa ga abin da ma'aikata ake bukata yi aiki ba kawai a cikin harshen Turanci amma kuma Welsh.

Number of jawabai

A farkon XX karni, rabin na yawan amfani da Welsh harshe a yau da kullum na sadarwa, da kuma ta karshen karni da yawan dako an rage zuwa 20%. The yawan ƙidaya a 2001 ya nuna da wadannan statistics: 582.368 mutane ne iya in Welsh kawai don sadarwa, amma 659.301 mutane. za a iya karanta a cikin Welsh da kuma amfani da shi a cikin magana da kuma rubuta da harshen. Aƙalla 130.000 motocin kasance a Birtaniya, rabin abin da na zaune a cikin Greater London. Statistics a 2004 ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen da yake magana da bayyana harshe, ya karu da 35 dubu. Man.

Yare da lafazi

Duk da cewa Ingila, Wales, Ireland da kuma Scotland wani bangare ne na wannan jihar, su na aikin harsuna bambanta da juna. Bari mu koma ga zabin amfani da Welsh harshe. Wallafe-wallafen harshen yana da haka mutane da yawa daban-daban yarukan kamar yadda na faɗa. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kullum da shi da ake amfani da yafi akai-akai fiye da m, bi da bi, za ta ci gaba da rarraba, wanda shi ne mafi used. Saboda haka, a wallafe-wallafen harshen gagarumin canje-canje da aka kiyaye.

Magana yaruka kasu kashi kudanci da arewacin. Da bambance-bambance tsakanin su suna ƙaddara da nahawu, ƙamus da kuma pronunciation. Dauki, misali, da Patagonian Welsh yare, wanda aka kafa a 1865 bayan da Welsh mutane hijira zuwa Argentina. Wannan yar bab aro da yawa Spanish sharuddan denoting gida siffofin.

Janar halaye

Cymric - a kai saba mana da kalmar "Welsh", wanda sauti kamar ajalin Cymru (Wales), karanta kamar "kemri". A nasa ne da Indo-Turai iyali, da tsarin wasika daga cikin haruffa - Latin. Mutanen da suka yi magana Welsh, za a iya samu a wasu yankuna na} asashe irin su Argentina (Patagonia mallaka), Amurka, Canada, Scotland, New Zealand, Australia da kuma Ingila. Wales ne ma yankin inda cewa harshe yana da hukuma matsayi.

Dalili na wasika da Latin haruffa, da yawan haruffa a cikin abin da karkacewa 28. Letter J ne, yafi amfani a Turanci loanwords: garej, jam, da dai sauransu Sauti Cymric ne atypical ga harsunan Turai, misali kurãme sonants ... Amma ga wasulla, da polysyllabic kalmomi suna fadowa a kan penultimate syllable.

Subject - fi'ili - dace - wannan shi ne wani m hanya domin sassa na magana a cikin jumla. Preverbal siffofin da fi'ilai kuma barbashi an yi amfani maimakon magana da a ƙarƙashin sassan jumlar.

Welsh English yana dvadtsatirichnuyu kirgawa tsarin, cewa shi ne, yawan 40 tare da Welsh kalma for kalma a Rasha an fassara a matsayin "biyu sau ashirin", da kuma, alal misali, 39 ya jũya a cikin "Sha tara lambar rabon ashirin-da." Wannan hanya da aka mafi yawa amfani da su koma zuwa ga shekaru da kwanan wata, saba gidan goma tsarin da ake amfani a wasu lokuta.