A abin da tsawo tashi da tauraron dan adam, madawwama biyu lissafi, gudu da kuma shugabanci na motsi

Kamar yadda kujeru a cikin wasan kwaikwayo damar daban-daban look at cikin misali na daban-daban falakinsu na tauraron dan adam samar da hangen zaman gaba, kowanne daga abin da na da dalili. Wasu ze da za a rataye a kan batu a farfajiya, su samar da wani m bayyani na gefe ɗaya na Duniya, yayin da sauran circling a kusa da wannan duniya tamu, wata rana shafa a kan mahara wurare.

iri falakinsu

A abin da tsawo tashi da tauraron dan adam? Akwai 3-daban na duniya falakinsu: high, matsakaici da kuma low. A high mafi nisa daga surface ne kullum da yawa yanayin da wasu sadarwa da tauraron dan adam. Da tauraron dan adam orbiting matsakaici duniya kewayewa hada kewayawa da musamman tsara don sa idanu a takamaiman yankin. Mai kimiyya kumbon sama jannati, ciki har da kula da tsarin ga surface rundunar NASA Duniya, ne a wani low falaki.

Duk yadda high Flying da tauraron dan adam ya dogara a kan gudun su motsi. Kamar yadda ka kusanci Duniya nauyi zama fi karfi, da kuma sauri motsi. Alal misali, NASA Ruwa da tauraron dan adam game da daukan 99 minutes zuwa tashi a kewayen duniya a game da 705 km, kuma meteorological naúrar, to wani m 35786 km daga samanta, shi, na bukatar 23 hours, 56 minutes da 4 da dakika. A nesa na 384.403 km daga tsakiyar duniya da Moon ya kammala daya juyin juya halin a kwanaki 28.

da nata irin paradox

tauraron dan adam tsawo canji ma modifies shi a wani sarari suKe gudun. A nan akwai paradox. Idan tauraron dan adam sadarwarka son kara masa nasa gudun, ya iya ba kamar gudu da injuna domin hanzari. Wannan zai kara da kewayewa (da tsawo), wanda zai kai ga wani karu a gudun. Maimakon haka, ya kamata ka gudu da engine a gaban shugabanci na motsi na tauraron dan adam, watau. E. Don yin wani mataki da zai rage motsi abin hawa a duniya. Irin wannan mataki za ta motsa shi a kasa cewa za su ƙara gudun.

Features falakinsu

Bugu da kari ga tsawo, da hanyar motsi na tauraron dan adam ne halin da eccentricity da kuma karkata. A farko da dangantaka da siffar da falaki. Tauraron Dan Adam low eccentricity motsa tare da wani yanayin kusa madauwari. A eccentric kewayewa ne elliptical. A nesa daga kumbon sama jannati zuwa Earth dogara a kan matsayinsu.

Karkata - da kwana na sararin samaniya tare da girmamawa ga ekweita. A tauraron dan adam, wanda aka juya su kai tsaye a kan ekweita, yana mai sifili gangara. Idan kumbon sama jannati wuce ta arewa da kuma kudu sandunan (yanayin da Magnetic ba), ta karkata ne 90 °.

All tare - tsawo, eccentricity da kuma karkata - ƙayyade da motsi na da tauraron dan adam da kuma kamar daga ra'ayinsa zai yi kama da duniya.

high-Duniya

Lokacin da tauraron dan adam kai daidai 42164 km daga ƙasa ta tsakiyar (game da 36 dubu. Km daga surface), shi shiga cikin zone inda ta hadu da juyawa madawwama biyu na duniya. Kamar yadda inji motsa a wannan sauri kamar yadda Duniya, cewa shi ne. E. Its lokaci na juyin juya halin ne 24 hours, ga alama cewa ya tsaya a wuri a kan kawai longitude, ko da yake yana iya shiga wani hali daga arewa zuwa kudu. Wannan musamman high kewayewa ne ake kira geosynchronous.

A tauraron dan adam motsa a cikin wani sarari suKe madauwari kai tsaye sama ekweita (da eccentricity da kuma karkata daga sifili) da kuma dangi zuwa ga Duniya tsaye har yanzu. Ya aka yaushe ayi sama da batu guda a kan bãyan tẽkun.

Geostationary kewayewa musamman m ga kula da yanayi, a matsayin tauraron dan adam a kanta samar da ci gaba da bayyani na wannan surface area. Kowane 'yan mintoci, da meteorological AIDS, kamar da ke, samar da bayanai game da girgije, ruwa tururi da kuma iska, da kuma akai akai bayanai shi ne tushen kulawa da kuma yanayin kiyasin.

Bugu da kari, geo na'urorin iya zama da amfani a gare sadarwa (telephony, talabijin, rediyo). Tafi tauraron dan adam samar da aikin bincike da kuma ceto Shiriya, amfani da su taimako a cikin search, daga jirgi da jirgin sama a wuya.

A karshe, da yawa vysokoorbitalnyh Duniya da tauraron dan adam ana sa idanu hasken rana aiki da kuma saka idanu da matakan da Magnetic filayen da kuma radiation.

A lissafi na da tsawo daga cikin geostationary kewayewa

A tauraron dan adam aiki centripetal karfi F _p = (M v ₁ ²⁾ / R da gravitational karfi F _t = (GM ₁ M ₂₎ / R ^2. Tun da wadannan sojojin ne daidai, yana yiwuwa ya danganta da dama tarnaƙi, kuma yanke su a cikin ₁ M taro. A sakamakon haka ne da lissafi v ² = (GM ²⁾ / R. Saboda haka gudu v = ((GM ₂₎ / R) ^1/2

Tun da geostationary kewayewa ne a da'irar 2πr tsawon orbital gudu ne v = 2πR / T.

Saboda haka, R ³ = T ² GM / (4π ^2).

Tun T = 8,64x10 ^4, G = 6,673x10 ^-11 nm ² / kg ^2, M = 5,98x10 ²⁴ kg, sa'an nan R = 4,23x10 ⁷ m Subtracting daga R. Duniya radius, daidai 6,38x10 ⁶ m, yana yiwuwa ya san tsawo da tauraron dan adam tashi rataye a daya batu na surface - 3,59x10 ⁷ m.

Lagrange batu

Sauran Great falakinsu ne Lagrange batu, inda da karfi na duniya a nauyi ne sakamakon da Sun ta nauyi. Duk da cewa akwai, daidai da janyo hankalin wadannan samaniya jikinsu da kuma rotates tare da mu duniya a kusa da star.

Na biyar Lagrangian maki a cikin Sun-Duniya tsarin, kawai na karshe biyu, da ake kira L5 da L4, ne barga. A cikin sauran tauraron dan adam ne kamar ball adalci a saman wani m tudun: wani kadan perturbation za su tura shi. Don zama a daidaita jihar, da kumbon sama jannati yana bukatar m gyara. A karshe biyu da maki na Lagrange da tauraron dan adam kamar misãlin ball a cikin ball: ko da bayan wani karfi tashin hankali, za su dawo.

L1 aka located tsakanin Duniya da kuma Sun, damar da tauraron dan adam za su kasance a gare shi, to dole akai bayyani na mu star. A Soho hasken rana Observatory, NASA tauraron dan adam, da Turai Space Agency zuwa waƙa da rana daga farko Lagrange batu miliyan 1.5 kilomita daga Earth.

L2 aka located a wannan nesa daga Duniya, amma shi ne a baya ta. Da tauraron dan adam a wannan wuri na bukatar daya kawai zafi garkuwa kare daga rana haske da zafin rana. Wannan shi ne mai kyau wuri domin sarari nesa, amfani da su yi nazarin yanayin da Universe ta hanyar lura da obin na lantarki bango radiation.

A bisa uku Lagrangian batu located a gaban Duniya a kan sauran gefen rana, don haka da cewa haske ne ko da yaushe tsakanin shi da kuma wannan duniya tamu. A tauraron dan adam a cikin wannan matsayi ba zai iya samun damar sadarwa tare da Duniya.

Musamman barga hudu da na biyar Lagrange batu a orbital hanya na duniya a 60 ° gaba da baya Duniya.

Medium duniya kewayewa

Da yake kusa da Earth, da tauraron dan adam da matsawa da sauri. Akwai biyu matsakaici-Duniya madawwama biyu: Semi-synchronous, da kuma "Walƙiya."

A abin da tsawo tashi da tauraron dan adam a cikin wani sarari suKe Semi-synchronous? Yana da kusan madauwari (low eccentricity) da kuma cire wani nesa 26560 km daga ƙasa ta tsakiyar (game 20200 km sama da surface). Tauraron Dan Adam a wannan tsawo da ke sa cikakken juyawa a kowace 12 hours. A kalla da ƙungiyoyi da Earth rotates a ƙasa. Ga 24 h da kuma shi intersects biyu m maki a ekweita. Wannan kewayewa ne m kuma sosai faɗi. A tsarin yana amfani da duniya sakawa GPS.

Kewayewa "Walƙiya" (karkata 63,4 °) da ake amfani da su kiyaye a high latitudes. Geostationary da tauraron dan adam suna a haɗe zuwa ekweita, don haka ba su dace da dogon-nesa arewacin ko kudancin yankunan. Wannan kewayewa ne quite eccentric: da kumbon sama jannati motsa tare da wani elongated ellipse da Duniya, dake kusa da daya gefen. Tun lokacin da tauraron dan adam da aka kara da nauyi, shi motsa da sauri sosai a lokacin da shi ne kusa da wannan duniya tamu. Lokacin da ka share gudun slows saukar, don haka ya ciyar karin lokaci a saman sararin samaniya a cikin mafi nisa daga gefen Duniya, da nisa zuwa wanda za a iya isa 40 dubu. Km. orbital lokaci ne 12 hours, amma game da biyu daga kashi uku ɗin lokacin da tauraron dan adam ciyarwa a kan daya yammancin duniya. Kamar Semi-synchronous kewayewa da tauraron dan adam ya wuce ta wannan hanya kowane 24 hours. Ana amfani da shi don sadarwa a cikin nisa arewa ko kudu.

low Duniya

Mai kimiyya da tauraron dan adam, da yawa meteorological da kuma tashar sararin samaniya ne a kusa da-madauwari low Duniya falaki. Su gangara dogara a kan sa idanu abin da suke yi ba. TRMM da aka kaddamar domin sa idanu na wurare masu zafi ruwan sama, saboda haka yana da wani gwada da low karkata (35 °), yayin da sauran kusa ekweita.

Mutane da yawa lura daga NASA da tauraron dan adam da kusan iyakacin duniya kewayewa vysokonaklonnuyu. A kumbon sama jannati motsa a cikin ƙasã daga iyakacin duniya zuwa iyakacin duniya tare da wani lokaci na 99 min. Rabin lokacin shi wuce a kan hasken rana gefe na duniya, da kuma koma ga dare a kan iyakacin duniya.

Kamar yadda motsi na tauraron dan adam Duniya rotates a ƙasa. By lokacin da naúrar shiga cikin hasken da rabo, shi ne a kan wani yanki m zuwa yankin na da nassi na ta karshe falaki. A lokacin 24-hour tsawon iyakacin duniya da tauraron dan adam rufe mafi cikin ƙasa sau biyu, sau da rana da kuma da zarar dare.

Sun-synchronous kewayewa

Kamar yadda geosynchronous da tauraron dan adam dole ne a sama ekweita, kyale su su kasance a kan daya batu, na iyakacin duniya-orbiting suna da ikon zama a cikin wannan lokaci. Su kewayewa ne rãnã-synchronous - a rarrabawa ekweita kumbon sama jannati na gida hasken rana lokaci ne ko da yaushe guda. Alal misali, Terra tauraron dan adam crosses kan Brazil ko da yaushe a 10:30 am. Next mahada bayan 99 min kan Ecuador ko Colombia ma ya auku a 10:30 gida lokaci.

Sun-synchronous kewayewa wajibi ne ga kimiyya, kamar yadda shi damar zuwa kula da kwana na cikin hasken rana ta fãɗi a kan surface na Duniya, ko da yake zai bambanta dangane da kakar. Wannan daidaito na nufin cewa masana kimiyya iya kwatanta da shekaru da yawa ba tare da ya damu game da ma manyan tsalle a rufe daya-lokaci images na duniya shekara, wanda zai iya haifar da da mafarki na canji. Ba tare da rãnã-synchronous kewayewa da shi zai zama da wuya a ci gaba da lura da su a kan lokaci, da kuma damar tattara bayanai da ake bukata domin nazarin sauyin yanayi.

The hanyar tauraron dan adam ne mai iyaka. Idan shi ne a tsawon 100 km, da kewayewa dole ne a gangaren 96 °. Duk wani sabawa ne unacceptable. Tun da juriya da yanayi da kuma m karfi na Sun kuma Moon ta kewayewa juya hali inji, dole ne a kai a kai gyara ba.

Saka cikin sarari guda: Launch

The jefa bukatar makamashi, da adadin abin da ya dogara da wuri na jefa kushin, da tsawo da gangare na gaba yanayin da motsi. Don isa m kewayewa, shi ake bukata don ciyar more makamashi. Da tauraron dan adam da babba karkata (msl, iyakacin duniya) ne mafi makamashi cinyewa fiye da wadanda circling kan ekweita. Saka cikin sarari guda tare da wani low karkata taimakawa Duniya ta juyawa. The International Space Station ne motsi a wani kwana 51,6397 °. Wannan wajibi ne a tabbatar da cewa sarari jigila da kuma Rasha da makamai masu linzami sun sauki don samun mata. A tsawo daga cikin ISS - 337-430 km. Iyakacin duniya da tauraron dan adam, a daya hannun, ta hanyar bugun jini na Duniya ba su samu, don haka suka bukaci karin makamashi don hawa guda nesa.

gyara

Bayan kaddamar da tauraron dan adam wajibi ne don yin kokarin kiyaye shi a wani sarari suKe. Tun lokacin da Duniya ne ba wani cikakken Sphere, ta nauyi ne karfi a wasu wurare. Wannan unevenness, a Bugu da kari ga janye daga rana, wata kuma Jupiter (mafi m duniyar tamu na Solar System), ya musanya karkata daga cikin falaki. Duk tsawon rayuwar matsayi ke da tauraron dan adam gyara uku ko sau hudu. Leo NASA na'urorin ya kamata su daidaita ta karkatar shekara.

Bugu da kari, da kusa-Duniya da tauraron dan adam rinjayar da yanayi. Marinjãya yadudduka, ko da yake quite sparse, da karfi isa jure zana su kusa da Duniya. A sakamakon nauyi take kaiwa zuwa wani hanzari na tauraron dan adam. A kan lokaci, suna kone a karkace nitsewa ƙananan kuma sauri a cikin sararin sama, ko fada a mayar da Duniya.

Air juriya da karfi a lokacin da rana yake aiki. Kamar yadda iska a balan-balan yana faɗaɗa kuma yakan lokacin da mai tsanani, yana faɗaɗa kuma yakan yanayi sa'ad da rana ba ta ƙarin makamashi. Sparse yanayi yadudduka hau da kai da wuri denser. Saboda haka, da tauraron dan adam orbiting ƙasa kamata canja da wuri game da sau hudu a shekara zuwa rama domin yanayi ja. Lokacin da hasken rana aiki iyakar, matsayin da na'urar dole daidaita kowane 2-3 makonni.

Space tarkace

Dalili na uku, tilasta ni a cikin sarari guda - sarari tarkace. Daya daga cikin ãyõyin tauraron dan adam Iridium karo da maras aiki Rasha kumbon sama jannati. Suka karya up, da samar da wani tarkace girgije ya kunshi fiye da 2,500 sassa. Kowane abu da aka kara da database, wanda a yanzu ya hada da fiye da 18,000 abubuwa na anthropogenic asalin.

NASA hankali na sa ido duk abin da zai iya samun a cikin hanyar tauraron dan adam, watau. A. Saboda tarkace sun maimaitawa ya canza falaki.

Cibiyar Ofishin Jakadancin Control injiniyoyi saka idanu da matsayi na tauraron dan adam da kuma sarari tarkace, wanda zai iya tsoma baki tare da motsi da kuma yadda ake bukata a hankali shirya ni kinibibi horar da. A wannan tawagar da tsare-tsaren da ya yi aikin horar don daidaita karkatar da tsawo na tauraron dan adam.