Ingantaccen halayen

Wannan reshe na kimiyya a matsayin hikimar tantance sunadarai, karatu da abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da sinadaran abubuwa. Ana amfani da nazarin unknown mahadi ko garwayayye. Ingantaccen bincike domin sanin gaban ko babu abubuwa ko radicals a cikin sinadaran fili, da kuma gwada yawa bincike ya hada da tabbatar da dalilin da wani sinadaran dũkiyõyinsu a cikin samfurin, Ina nufin, yawan aka gyara da ke cikin cakuda. Domin ingantaccen bincike na amfani halayyar wasu abubuwa na sinadaran halayen da suke da saukin yi. Ingantaccen gwaje-gwaje da damar da kallo na sa ran effects ko rashin su.

Hikimar tantance sunadarai yana bunkasa sabon da kuma inganta hanyoyin da bincike da kuma su m aikace-aikace, kazalika da nazari na msar tambayar tushe na hikimar tantance tafiyar matakai. Wadanda gwani a kansu sinadaran, ta jiki da kuma physico-sinadaran hanyoyin da bincike. A zuciya na mutane da yawa daga cikinsu akwai ingantattun halayen ana amfani da ganowa radicals, da kuma abubuwa da ma tana gina kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki na samfurori. Don nazarin ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki an yi amfani da:

• elemental bincike (ƙaddara da elemental abun da ke ciki).
• kwayoyin analysis (saita daga tsarin sinadaran mahadi a matakin kwayoyin).
• tsarin bincike (a irin kwayoyin analysis, binciken da na sarari tsarin kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin, su kwayoyin nauyi da kuma empirical dabara).
• aikin bincike (kwayoyin mahadi karatu da aikin kungiyoyin).

Saboda haka, ana iya gane biyu inorganic da kuma gudanar da mahadi. A gaban takamaiman abubuwa iya bayyana ko bace saka launi saki ko narkar da precipitate lura effervescence da sauransu. Idan ingancin dauki ake zaba daidai, Ina nufin zabe (zabe) don musamman cation ko anion, kazalika da sosai m (Ina nufin, dokin ganewa damar da kananan adadin), sakamakon zai zama abin dogara sakamakon - cikar gaban ko rashinsa a wani samfurin cell ko abu . Dalili na wannan kima ne mai ruwa-ruwa mafita na san ionic ingantaccen dauki.

Domin inorganic mahadi, su sau da yawa faruwa a mai ruwa-ruwa mafita, amma a yanayin saukan Alkali karfe cations ganewa ne da za'ayi a lokacin da yin bushe salts a talakawan (zafi) part ruhu fitilar wuta. A cations na lithium (Li +) zai kala cikin harshen wuta, a wani duhu ruwan hoda launi. potassium cations (K +) - a Violet, sodium (Na +) - rawaya, rubidium (RB +) - ja, cesium (Cs +) - a blue. Ingantaccen dauki cations iya za'ayi domin barium salts: gaban barium cations (Ba2 +) da aka kafa ta ƙara da reagent zuwa sulfate ions (SO42-), tun da sakamakon barium sulfate precipitated farin launi, wanda ba ya narke a cikin acid: Ba2 + + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. A gaban gubar cation (Pb2 +) samu lokacin da fallasa su ruwa-ruwa gishiri bayani sulfide (S2-), a sakamakon gubar sulfide da aka kafa, wanda precipitates a matsayin baki precipitate: Pb2 + + S2- → PBS ↓. Irin wannan sanannun ingantaccen halayen, duka biyu cations da anions suna da yawa, kuma sun aka bayyana a cikin hikimar Chemistry.

A lokacin da zabar wani high quality-martani ga gwajin samfurin, shi da amfani san janar dokoki na solubility na sinadaran mahadi:

1. All nitrates ne narkewa.
2. Kusan duk potassium, sodium da kuma ammonium salts ne narkewa.
3. All chlorides, bromides da iodides ne narkewa, sai dai azurfa halide, Mercury (I) da kuma Pb (II).
4. All narkewa sulfates, fãce barium sulfate, strontium da gubar (II), wanda su ne insoluble, kuma alli sulfate , da azurfa, da su ne moderately narkewa.
5. All carbonates, sulfites da phosphates ne insoluble fãce carbonates, sulphites da potassium phosphates, sodium da kuma ammonium.
6. All insoluble sulfides fãce sulfides Alkali karafa, alkaline duniya karafa da kuma ammonium.
7. All insoluble hydroxides fãce alkaline karfe hydroxides. Strontium hydroxide, alli da barium ne ƙwauro narkewa.

Irin wannan Organic abubuwa irin alkanes (paraffin hydrocarbons) ko alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) za a iya gano ta amfani da wani bayani na potassium permanganate, wanda a farko idan ba zai canza launi don haka kamar yadda paraffinic hydrocarbons da permanganate ba amsa a cikin sanyi. A karo na biyu idan, da mafita zama colorless saboda yayyo Wagner dauki (msl, ethylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. A sakamakon haka, saukad da manganese dioxide precipitate ciwon brownish launi. Sunadaran ne hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi da cewa samar da muhimmanci ayyuka na wani rai gabar. Su babbar sa, da definition mai girma m muhimmancin. ingantaccen halayen ga sunadaran amfani ga wadannan dalilai, sun kasu kashi launi da kuma sunan. Tare da su taimako, shi ne ba m da sunadaran da kansu, da kuma amino acid din da suke ƙunshe a gare su.