A Bretton Woods tsarin: yadda shi duka ya fara

A wasu kewayon kwararru sani cewa tun kafin akwai da Bretton Woods tsarin, da duniyar da aka lokacin da zinariya misali, a lokacin da fam da za a iya yi musu kyauta musayar zinariya. Birtaniya a lokacin wani karfi da ikon duniya, don haka ba zai iya irin wadannan ayyuka. Duk da haka, duk abin da ya canja a shekara ta 1914, a lokacin da a lokacin yakin duniya na 1st a cikin kudi fagen fama zo da Amurka kudin, wanda ya yada a Arewa da kuma Latin Amurka.

A 1922, yunkurin da aka yi don ƙirƙirar wani ajiye kudin da zinariya misali a kan tushen da pre-yaki model. A shekara ta 1925, Ingila ya gabatar da zinariya misali ga laba, kulla zinariya da kuma ajiye ago (dalar Amurka). Duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta 1929, a Amirka, akwai wani hadarin a kan Stock Exchange, kuma a shekarar 1931 tsoro fara a London kudi kasuwa, wanda a karshe ya dauki wani laba da sakandare rawa bayan da dollar. A shekarar 1931, 1933 a Birtaniya da kuma Amurka bi da bi aka soke da zinariya misali, watau, musayar rates fara iyo, wadda suka bauta wa a matsayin tushen nan gaba forex tsarin. Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar zinariya canzawa kudin kasashen Turai sun gaza (a 1936, auka daga cikin "Golden Block", wanda ya hada da wani yawan kasashe, ciki har da Faransa, da Netherlands da kuma sauransu.).

By ƙarshen forties na karni na 20th saboda da kudi crises na thirties da kuma yakin duniya na II, a duniya akwai bukatar for m sabunta kudi tsarin. Kuma a wannan batun, da Bretton Woods taro, a wanda aka yanke shawarar zuwa anga kudin na kasashe 44 da dollar, da dollar da aka gudanar a shekarar 1944 - to zinariya a cikin kudi na $ 35 da Troy oza (31.1034 grams). Bayan yakin duniya na II, ta Amurka ya zama rinjaye rabonka daga dũniya ta zinariya, wanda ya ba kasar da tushe ga duniya shugabanci. A watan Disamba, 1944, da Bretton Woods tsarin ta fara aiki.

A taro a shekarar 1944 shi da aka yi arziki ga kafa kungiyoyin biyu cewa za ta gudanar da wani kula da ayyuka, da kuma samar da ƙasashe - mahalarta na yarjejeniya yana nufin ga karfafawa na kasa kudin. Waɗannan su ne International Asusun bada lamuni da kuma International Bank for Ma'anar kalmar sake gini da kuma raya. A Bretton Woods tsarin envisaged cewa karshe kayan aiki a duniya biya zauna zinariya da gida kudin ciniki da yardar kaina, cewa kasa ago da wani ajali kudi da dollar, kamar yadda bankunan tsakiya kula da wannan kudi (+ - 1 cent).

Duk da haka, ta hanyar da tsakiyar 70 ta zinariya reserves aka sake rabawa zuwa wasu cibiyoyinsu (Turai, Asiya), da kuma ta haka aka karya Triffin ta Theorem cewa batun kudin dole ne a auna shi gāba da zinariya reserves na kasar, wanda ya yi wannan batun. A Bretton Woods tsarin fara rasa ta munasaba, wanda tsananta hasashe, volatility na kasashen waje musayar ma'aunan da halartar kasashen, da kudin rikicin a 1967. Wannan halitta da preconditions ga canji na data kasance duniya monetary tsarin, wanda Amurka shekaru da yawa na goyon bayan da karfi da makamai, kamar yadda zinariya reserves, daidai da watsi da daloli, suna da shekaru da yawa a can.