A farko da na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics

Kafin mu yi la'akari da farko da na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics, shi wajibi ne domin ayyana abin da ake nufi da Kalmar "thermodynamic". A wannan yanayin, da kalmar yayi magana don kansa: shi ne mai sauki domin sanin wasu biyu - "thermal" da "tsauri". Lokacin Greek jũya "zafi da zazzabi" da "ƙarfi, motsi, canji." A wasu kalmomin, thermodynamic wakiltar daya daga cikin rassan kimiyyar lissafi, koyon siffofin zafi hira da sauran siffofin da makamashi da kuma mataimakin versa. A wannan yanayin da thermal motsi na abubuwa takaice (kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin, barbashi) ba kunshe a ce sashe, kuma aka yi karatu a wasu yankunan na kimiyya. Thermodynamics kuma hulda da dukan Macro da tsarin, wanda aka halin da adadin, matsa lamba da kuma sauransu.

Wannan kimiyya dogara ne a kan wasu muhimman siffofin (sifili, da farko, na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics), soma a cikin postulates. Su aka ƙaddara gwaje da kuma tabbatar da ka'idojin lissafin. Dangantaka tsakanin su ne kawai kai tsaye ba, tun farkon kai tsaye fitarwa na daya daga cikin wasu ne ba zai yiwu.

Akwai hudu farko - da sifili a kan na uku. Bari mu nuna da ma'anar kowane daga cikinsu. Zero ka'idar Thermodynamics ya furta cewa, wani tsarin o ƙarin ga thermodynamic ma'auni, don haka a karshen akwai wani ma'auni tare da bacewar na waje mataki. Yana iya zama wani zama ruwan dare tsarin illa ma sha Allahu.

Daya daga cikin manyan - shi ne na farko ka'idar Thermodynamics. An farko tsara a cikin karni na 19th. A gaskiya, shi ne dokar da kiyayewa da makamashi dangane da abin da ke faruwa a macrosystems thermodynamic tafiyar matakai. Af, shi ne sau da yawa tare da taimakon wannan hakan ba, game da yiwuwar kasancewar wani tutur motsi na'ura, saboda ya yi aikin dole to azahiri sadarwa ƙarin makamashi tsarin. A cewar shi, a cikin rufaffiyar zama ruwan dare tsarin makamashi darajar ko da yaushe ya kasance iri guda.

A ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu ne saba wa kowa da kowa ne tun suna yara. A cewar shi, da thermal makamashi zai iya sauƙi a daukar kwayar cutar a daya kawai shugabanci - daga warmer jiki zuwa wani kasa mai tsanani. Alal misali, me ya sa a cikin hunturu a kan titi da shi ya zama alama da sanyi, tun da na yanayi zafin jiki ne m fiye da na jikin mutum, wanda ya haddasa zafi. A ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu ne daya daga cikin shahararrun. Daya daga nasa sakamakon ya nuna cewa dukan ciki makamashi na tsarin ba za a iya tuba a cikin gaba daya amfani aiki. Mene ne ban sha'awa, na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics ne shifran provable. By kafa wani jam'i na gwaje-gwajen, wannan abin kwaikwaya aka samu, daga baya soma matsayin axiom.

Wanne ne daya daga cikin al'amurran da cewa faye hali na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics? Tabarbarewa! Wannan kalma a Girkanci nufin "canji." Tabarbarewa ne halayyar wani thermodynamic tsarin da yake aiki na jihar. A general shi za a iya zaci cewa entropy nuna sadaukar da wani tsarin cuta. R. Clausius, wanda samarwa ajalin for thermodynamic matakai kamar yadda wani bayani ya ba da misali da misãlin ruwa: wakilci ruwa a cikin ruwa jiha a iyakar sifili digiri Celsius. Yana da daraja shi to bayar da rahoton wani rabo daga waje makamashi, isa ga rashin daidaituwa, da ruwa ya jũya a cikin wani m jihar (kankara). Lokacin da wannan canji saboda da ciki tsarin da makamashi da aka saki. A wannan yanayin, shi ne a reversible tsari. Haka kuma, da entropy canji ne wani rabo daga cikin jimlar adadin thermal makamashi da cikakkar zazzabi darajar. Daya sakamako ya nuna cewa a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin ba tare da waje tasiri entropy ƙaruwa.