A tarihin daukar hoto a Rasha. Da farko hotuna da kyamarori

A marmarin kama lokacin rayuwa, abin da ke faruwa tare da wani mutum ko da duniya a kusa da shi, ya wanzu. Wannan ne ma da dutse sassaka, da kuma zane-zane,. A cikin zane-zane na artists musamman yaba da daidaici kuma daki-daki, da ikon kama wani abu a cikin wani m hangen zaman gaba, haske, wuce da launi palette, inuwa. Domin irin wannan aiki sau da yawa ya dauki watanni da aiki. Yana da wannan bege, da kuma son rage lokaci, kuma ya zama} ashin ga halittar wannan art form, kamar m.

Zuwan daukar hoto

A IV karni BC Aristotle, sanannen masanin zamanin tsohuwar Girka, ya lura da m cewa haske da cewa tace ta hanyar karamin rami a rufe na taga, ta maimaita inuwõyi a kan garu za ka iya ganin OT wuri mai faɗi a waje da taga.

Bugu da ari, a cikin treatises na masana kimiyya daga kasashen Larabawa ta fara da za a kira su da magana kyamara obscura, a zahiri ma'ana "duhu dakin." Wannan ya tabbatar da zama na'urar a cikin wani nau'i na akwatin tare da wani rami a gaban, ta hanyar da shi ya zama zai yiwu a yi rubbings har yanzu lifes da shimfidar. Daga baya inganta akwatin, samar da motsi halves da ruwan tabarau, sa shi yiwuwa a fokusatsiyu hoto.

Godiya ga sabon fasali, hoton ya zama yawa bayarda, da kuma na'urar da ake kira "haske dakin", da cewa shi ne, kamara lucina. Irin wannan sauki fasaha Ya yarda mana mu koyi yadda za a duba Arkhangelsk a tsakiyar XVII karni. Tare da su taimako, da hange na birnin da aka janye, shi ne daidai.

Akayi na ci gaba da daukar hoto

A cikin XIX karni da Joseph Niepce da aka kirkiro ta hanyar daukar hoto, wanda ya kira photogravure. Shan wannan hanya da ya faru a mai haske hasken rana da kuma ci gaba har 8 hours. Its ainihi shi ne kamar haka:

• dauki farantin karfe wanda aka rufi da bituminous lacquer.

• A farantin ne a karkashin kai tsaye daukan hotuna zuwa haske, saboda abin da varnish ba narkar. Amma wannan tsari ya kasance m da kuma dogara a kan ƙarfi daga haske a kowane daga cikin shafukan.

• Sai farantin da aka bi da sauran ƙarfi.

• Bayan Acid etched.

A sakamakon haka, duk da jan faru taimako, kwarzana juna a kan wafer. A gaba gagarumin mataki a cikin ci gaban da daukar hoto da shi ne daguerreotype. Sunan hanya don samun sunan ta kirkiro Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, wanda ya iya samun wani image a kan wani azurfa, farantin, bi da tare da wani aidin tururi.

Wadannan Hanyar ya calotypy ƙirƙira by Genri Talbotom. A amfani da hanyar na da ikon yin kofe na wannan hoton, wanda, bi da bi, da aka sake bugawa a kan takarda impregnated tare da azurfa da gishiri.

A farko sani da ma'adanin na daukar hoto a Rasha

A tarihin Rasha daukar hoto da aka faruwa ga fiye da rabin karni. Kuma wannan labarin mai cike da daban-daban suka faru da kuma ban sha'awa facts. Godiya ga mutane na kasar mu ne bude ga art na daukar hoto, za mu iya ganin Rasha ta cikin Prism na lokaci, irin yadda yake shekaru masu yawa da suka wuce.

A tarihin daukar hoto a Rasha ta fara da 1839. A sa'an nan memba na Rasha Academy of Sciences J. Hamel tafi kasar Britaniya, inda ya gana da Hanyar calotypy, karatu da shi daki-daki. Sa'an nan ya aika cikakken bayanin. Kuma na farko hotunan dauka ta hanyar calotypy aka samu, wanda har yanzu kiyaye a cikin Academy of Sciences a cikin adadin 12 guda. A cikin hotunan akwai wani sa hannu na kirkiro da hanyar, Talbot.

Bayan haka, a France Hamel ne saba da Daguerre, a karkashin wanda shiriya shi da kansa ya sa wasu Shots. Academy of Sciences, a cikin watan Satumba 1841, wata wasika da aka samu daga Hamel, a cikin abin da, bisa ga shi, aka farko sanya tare da Photo yanayi. Sanya a Paris a kan wani m - mace adadi.

Bayan haka, ma'adanin na daukar hoto a Rasha fara samun lokacinta ne hanzari tasowa. A XIX da XX ƙarni masu daukan hoto na Rasha ya fara a kan janar dama ya dauki bangare a photo nune-nunen da showrooms na kasa da kasa aji, wanda ya karbi babbar lambobin yabo da kuma lambobin yabo, da membobinsu a cikin Game da al'ummomi.

hanyar Talbot

A tarihin daukar hoto a Rasha da aka ɓullo da godiya ga mutane keenly sha'awar a cikin sabon art form. Saboda haka ya Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, sanannen Rasha botanist kuma sunadarai. Yana ƙware Talbot farko hanya ne zuwa samu mummunan a kan wani photosensitive takarda bi ta buga shi a kan takardar bi da tare da azurfa salts da kuma bayyana a cikin hasken rana.

Fritzsche dauki farko hotuna calotypy-shuka bar, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga akadama Kimiyya a St. Petersburg a May 1839 tare da wani rahoto. A da shi ya ce da shi ne calotypy Hanyar dace da imprinting planar abubuwa. Alal misali, da hanyar ne dace da shan hotuna na asali shuka tare da zama dole daidaici ga o.

Taimako J. Fritzsche

Saboda Fritzsche tarihi na daukar hoto a Rasha ya dauki wani mataki m: ya samarwa don maye gurbin sodium giposulfat, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen samar da image Talbot, domin ammonia fiye da muhimmanci kyautata calotypy, inganta image quality. Julius Fedorovich shi ma na farko a kasar da kuma daya daga cikin na farko a duniya, wanda ya gudanar da bincike a kan daukar hoto da kuma daukar hoto art.

Alexey Grekov da kuma "art gida"

A tarihin daukar hoto a Rasha ci gaba, da kuma wadannan taimaka wajen ci gaban da aka yi da Alexey Grekov. Moscow kirkiro da kuma sassaƙa, ya kasance na farko Rasha Masters daukar hoto da kuma ƙware calotypy da daguerreotypes. Kuma idan ka tambayi tambaya na abin da suka farko kyamarori a Rasha, shi ne da sabuwar dabara Grekov, "art dakin", za a iya gani a matsayin irin wannan.

A farko kamara, da ya halitta a cikin 1840, ba ka damar yin high quality, tare da mai kyau sharpness hoto hotuna da cewa ba zai iya zama cewa mutane da yawa suna kokarin cimma ga masu daukan hoto. Helenawa ƙirƙira kujera da musamman filõli cewa goyon photographed kai, kyale shi to ba samun gaji a lokacin dogon Sitting, da kuma kula da wani tsayayyen matsayi. Kuma ya zama har yanzu wani mutum a cikin kujera da wani dogon lokaci: 23 minutes a mai haske hasken rana da kuma a cikin gizagizai rana - duk 45.

Grekov master of daukar hoto da aka dauke su Rasha ta farko art daukar hoto-portraitist. Cimma kyau hoto hotuna taimake shi, kuma ƙirƙira su fotoustroystvo kunshi wani katako jam'iyya, a cikin abin da wani haske. Amma wannan akwatin za a iya zabi daga juna da kuma komawa zuwa scene. A cikin matsanancin akwatin a kan gaba, na daga shi a haɗe da ruwan tabarau, shi ne wani abu. A ciki akwatin farantin yana kula da haske. By sãɓãwar launukansa da nisa tsakanin kwalaye, wato, motsi su ɗaya daga wani, ko mataimakin versa, shi yiwuwa a cimma da ake so image sharpness.

Sergeya Levitskogo taimako

A na gaba da mutum, ta hanyar abin da tarihi na daukar hoto a Rasha ci gaba wajen samar da hanzari, ya Sergei Levitsky. A cikin tarihi na Rasha daukar hoto sun dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk da Kislovodsk, ya sanya a cikin Caucasus. Kazalika da ta samu lambar zinariya da art nuni da aka gudanar a birnin Paris, inda ya aiko da hotuna zuwa hamayya.

Sergey Levitsky ya kasance a sahun gaba na masu daukan hoto, wanda ya miƙa zuwa canza wani ado backdrop ga yin fim. Sun kuma yanke shawarar gudanar da wani retouching hoto hotuna da rashinta domin rage ko gaba daya cire fasaha flaws, idan wani.

Levitsky bar for Italiya a 1845, yankan shawara tada matakin na ilmi da basira a cikin filin na daguerreotype. Ya sa hotuna na Roma, kazalika da hoto hotuna na Rasha artists suka rayu a can. Kuma a cikin 1847, ya zo har da wani nadawa kyamara Jawo, da ake ji wa wannan Jawo daga akordiyon. Innovation yarda da kamara zama mafi mobile, wanda ƙwarai shafi fadada photographing damar.

Ya koma zuwa Rasha Sergey Levitsky riga mai sana'a daukar hoto, ya bude a St. Petersburg daguerreotype nasu bitar "Light zanen". Lokacin da shi shi ma ya buɗe wani shagon da wani arziki tarin hotuna na Rasha artists, marubuta da kuma jama'a Figures. A binciken da na ma'adanin na daukar hoto, ba ya barin, ci gaba da empirically nazarin yin amfani da wutar lantarki haske da hada shi da rãnã da tasiri a kan hotuna.

Rasha da alama a cikin daukar hoto

Na zane-zane, master na daukar hoto, ir da masana kimiyya daga Rasha sun yi babban taimako ga tarihin daukar hoto da kuma ci gaba. Alal misali, daga cikin wadanda suka kafa sabon iri kyamarori an san Rasha Surnames kamar yadda Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

Ko Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev aka kuzari, tsunduma a cikin msar tambayar da m matsaloli na Manufacturing hotuna. Kuma tare da Sreznevsky suka tsaya a asalin daukar hoto sashen a Rasha Technical Society.

Yadu da aka sani nasarorin haske Masters Rasha daukar hoto, wanda za a iya sa a kan wani par da Levitsky, Andreya Denera. Ya kasance mahaliccin na farko album tare da hotuna na shahararrun masana kimiyya, likitoci, matafiya, marubuta da kuma artists. A daukar hoto Alexander Karelin zama da aka sani cikin Turai, kuma sun shiga cikin tarihi na daukar hoto a matsayin kafa na iyali binciken na salo.

A ci gaba da daukar hoto a Rasha

Interest a cikin daukar hoto a karshen cikin XIX karni ya karu ba kawai daga kwararru amma kuma tsakanin talakawa mutane. Kuma a cikin 1887 shekaru, ya aka saki "daukar hoto Bulletin" mujallar, a cikin abin da bayanai da aka tattara ta sayen magani, da sinadaran qagaggun, hanyoyin da aiki hotunan, msar tambayar data.

Amma kafin juyin juya halin a Rasha tafiyar da m daukar hoto ya kasance samuwa ne kawai don wani karamin yawan mutane, saboda kusan babu wani daga cikin ir na kyamara bai kasance yiwuwa a samar da su a kan wani m sikelin.

A shekara ta 1919, V. I.Lenin bayar da umarni don matsawa da na daukar hoto masana'antu a karkashin iko da jama'ar kasar Commissariat, da kuma a shekara ta 1929 ya fara haifar da wani haske-m daukar hoto kayan, to, ya zama samuwa ga kowa. Kuma na farko m kyamara "Photocor" ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1931.

Da muhimmancin da Rasha Masters, lafiya art, da? Ir a ci gaba da daukar hoto da manyan da bautar wani cancanci wuri a cikin tarihin duniya na daukar hoto.