A tsarin da reflex baka. Reflex zobe. Physiology na juyayi tsarin

Kowannen mu a kalla sau daya a cikin rayuwarsa furta kalmar "Ina da wani reflex", amma 'yan mutane fahimci abin da ya ce. Kusan mu dukan rayuwata dogara ne a kan reflexes. A jariri, da suka taimake mu tsira zuwa} uruciyarsa - aiki yadda ya kamata da kuma zauna lafiya. Yin biyayya da numfashinsa muna numfashi, tafiya, ci, da kuma more.

reflex

Reflex - shi ne mai mayar da martani na jiki zuwa wani kara kuzari wanda aka za'ayi da juyayi tsarin. Da suke hayyanãwa farkon ko ƙarshe na wani aiki: motsi da tsokoki, da endocrine gland, canje-canje a cikin jijiyoyin bugun gini sautin. Wannan ba ka damar da sauri daidaita zuwa canza yanayi. Ma'ana reflexes a cikin rayuwar mutum don haka mai girma cewa har ma da m kawar (kau lokacin tiyata, rauni, bugun jini, epilepsy), kai ga m tawaya.

A binciken da na tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin da hannu a IP Pavlov kuma IM Sashe. Suka bar mai yawa bayanai don gaba na likitoci. A can baya mun bai raba halin tababbu da ilimin tsarin jijiyoyi, amma bayan da suka yi neurologists fara gudanar da aiki shi kadai, to tara da kwarewa da kuma tantance shi.

iri reflexes

Duniya reflexes ya kasu kashi matukar da kuma mika wuyansu. A farko bayyana a cikin rayuwar mutum da kuma a cikin tsari suna da nasaba, domin mafi yawan bangare, tare da abin da ya ke yi. Wasu daga cikin dabarun samu kan lokaci, bace, kuma su wuri da aka dauka ta hanyar wani sabon, mafi dace a cikin yanayi. Wadannan sun hada da keke, dancing, wasa kida, craft kasuwanci, tuki a mota, da kuma more. Wadannan reflexes wani lokaci ana kiransu "tsauri stereotype".

Sume reflexes kamar yadda hõrarru cikin dukkan mutane daidai, kuma akwai mu da tun haihuwa. Sun yi zurfi cikin rayuwa, tun da suka goyi bayan mu zama. Mutane ba su san cewa suna bukatar numfasawa, don rage zuciya tsoka, ci gaba da jikinka a sarari a cikin wani hali, ƙyaftawar, atishawa, da dai sauransu Wannan ya faru ta atomatik, saboda yanayi ya riƙi kula da mu.

rarrabuwa na reflexes

Akwai da dama sukayi fassara da reflexes cewa gani da aiki ko nuna matakin na ji. Daya zai iya buga wasu daga cikinsu.

Halittu muhimmanci ya zama ruwan dare reflexes:

• abinci.
• kariya.
• jima'i.
• nuni.
• reflexes kayyade jiki matsayi (pozotonicheskie).
• reflexes motsa.

Bisa ga wuri na rabe cewa gane da kara kuzari za a iya gano:

• exteroreceptors da suke a kan fata da kuma mucous membranes.
• interoreceptors, dake a cikin kayan ciki da jini;
• proprioceptors saninsu hangula na tsokoki, da gidajen abinci da kuma tendons.

Sanin uku sukayi fassara za a iya ƙaddamar da wani reflex don bayyana: ake samunshi ko nakasar, wanda aiki ya yi aikin da kuma yadda za a kira shi.

Matsayin reflex baka

Domin neurologists muhimmanci a san matakin a wanda wani reflex rufe. Ya taimaka wajen mafi gane shafa yankin da kuma hango ko hasashen lalacewar kiwon lafiya. Rarrabe kashin baya da numfashinsa, motor neurons wanda aka located a cikin laka. Su suke da alhakin jiki makanikai, tsoka ƙanƙancewa, da aikin na pelvic gabobin. Tashin zuwa wani sabon matsayi - a cikin medulla oblongata, sami bulbar cibiyoyin cewa tsara da salivary gland, wasu fuska tsokoki, da numfashi, da zuciya aiki. Damage daga wannan sashen ne kusan ko da yaushe m.

A midbrain rufe mesencephalic reflexes. M shi ne reflex baka na girman kwanyar jijiyoyi. A bambanci ne ma diencephalic reflexes karshe neuron wanda aka located a cikin diencephalon. Kuma cortical reflexes, wanda ake sarrafawa da cerebral bawo. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi samu basira.

Lura da cewa tsarin da reflex baka shafe mafi girma bunkasa cibiyoyin da juyayi tsarin ko da yaushe ya hada da ƙananan matakan. Wannan ne corticospinal hanya zai ratsa ta wani tsaka-tsaki, na tsakiya, oblong da laka.

A Physiology na juyayi tsarin da aka shirya domin kowane reflex ninninkuwa dama arcs. Wannan rike da jiki ta ayyuka, har ma da raunin da cututtuka.

A reflex baka

Reflex baka - a jijiya turu watsa hanya daga gabansa jiki (tsoka mai amsa sigina) domin aiwatar. M reflex baka kunshi neurons kuma su tafiyar matakai, wanda ya samar da mai kula da da'ira. Wannan ra'ayi da aka gabatar a cikin magani M.Hollom a tsakiyar karni na sha tara, amma a kan lokaci, shi an canza kama zuwa wani "reflex zobe." Aka yanke shawarar cewa wannan lokaci mafi nuna matakai da faruwa a cikin juyayi tsarin.

Physiology rarrabe monosynaptic, kazalika da kashi biyu da trehneyronnye baka wani lokacin sami polisinapticheskie reflexes, watau, ciki har da fiye da uku neurons. A sauki baka kunshi biyu neurons: tsinkaye da kuma mota. A bugun jini ya wuce ta dogon aiwatar da neuron da jijiya site, wanda a nuna da watsa shi da tsoka. Wadannan reflexes yawanci mika wuyansu.

Sashen reflex baka

A tsarin da reflex baka kunshi biyar sassan.

A farko - a tsoka mai amsa sigina cewa na'am da bayanai. Yana za a iya located biyu a jiki surface (fata, mucosal), kuma a cikin zurfin (akan tantanin ido, tendons, tsokoki). Morphologically tsoka mai amsa sigina iya kama wani dogon aiwatar da neuron ko tari na Kwayoyin.

Biyu kashi - m jijiya fiber, wanda watsa zumudi a kan wani baka. A jikin wadannan neurons suna located waje da tsakiya m tsarin (CNS), a kashin baya shafukan. Su aiki ne kama da kibiya a kan reluwe waƙoƙi. Wato, da neurons raba bayanai cewa ta zo musu, a bangarori daban-daban na tsakiya m tsarin.

Uku kashi - sarari canzawa kula motor zaruruwa. Domin mafi shi ne reflexes a cikin laka, amma wasu daga cikin hadaddun baka wuce kai tsaye ta hanyar kwakwalwa, kamar m, ƙiyashi, abinci da numfashinsa.

Fourth Division gabatar motor fiber cewa kai jijiyar daga laka motor neurons ko don effector.

Karshe, na biyar division - jiki da reflex aiki. Yawancin lokaci a tsoka ko gland shine yake, kamar almajiri, zuciya, jima'i, ko salivary gland shine yake.

A physiological kaddarorin da jijiya cibiyoyin

A Physiology na juyayi tsarin ne m at ta bangarori daban-daban. A baya kafa sashen, da mafi wuya aikinsa da hormonal tsari. Akwai shida Properties cewa ne ga kowa da kowa jijiya cibiyoyin, ko da kuwa topography:

1. Gudanar da zumudi kawai daga tsoka mai amsa sigina zuwa effector neuron. Baya, wannan shi ne saboda synapses (neurons dangane da maki) yi a daya kawai shugabanci da kuma ba zai iya canza shi.

2. Dakata na jijiya zumudi ne ma da nasaba da manyan yawan neurons a baka da kuma, saboda haka, synapses. Domin haduwa a neurotransmitter (sinadaran kara kuzari), saki a gare shi a cikin synaptic kogon, kuma ku ciyar haka da farin ciki, yana daukan karin lokaci fiye da idan da hatsaisai propagate kawai tare da jijiya fiber.

3. Summation excitations. Wannan ya faru a lokacin da kara kuzari rauni ne, amma kullum da kuma rhythmically maimaita. A wannan yanayin, matsakanci ne tara a cikin synaptic membrane har shi ne ba da wani gagarumin adadin, kuma sa'an nan kuma watsa wani bugun jini. A sauki misali na wannan sabon abu - da yi na sneezing.

4. The canji na zumudi kudi. A tsarin da reflex baka, kazalika da fasali na juyayi tsarin irin wannan cewa ko da a cikin m kari na kara kuzari ta hadu da wasu daga cikin lokacinta - daga hamsin zuwa biyu sau ɗari da na biyu. Saboda haka, tsokoki a cikin jikin mutum suna rage tetanic, watau discontinuously.

5. Reflex aftereffect. A neurons na reflex baka ne a wani m jihar don wani lokaci bayan da lõkacin fatara daga cikin kara kuzari. A wannan lissafi, akwai mahanga guda biyu. A farko jihohin da jijiya Kwayoyin to aika da da zumudi na biyu ne fiye da kara kuzari da kuma game da shi tsawanta reflex. Na biyu dogara ne a kan reflex zobe wanda aka rufe tsakanin biyu matsakaici neurons. Sun aika da zumudi idan dai daya daga cikinsu ba zai iya samar da bugun jini ko har babu waje braking gargadi sigina.

6. Nutsar da jijiya cibiyoyin faruwa a lokacin shafe tsawon ruri daga cikin rabe. Wannan yana bayyana da farko karu, sa'an nan gaba daya rasa ƙwarai.

Autonomic reflex baka

By juyayi tsarin irin wannan aiwatar da zumudi da kuma gudanar da juyayi da tãshin hankali, ya zama ruwan dare, somatic da autonomic juyayi baka. A musamman alama ne cewa reflex zuwa kwarangwal tsoka ba katse, da kuma autonomic ganglia ake bukata don canjawa kan. All jijiya cibiyoyin za a iya raba uku kungiyoyin:

• Vertebral (kashin baya) ganglia suna da alaka da m juyayi tsarin. Suna located on ko dai gefen kashin baya, kafa ginshiƙai.
• Prespinal nodes suna located a nesa da kuma daga kashin baya shafi, da kuma daga cikin hukumomi. Wadannan sun hada da ciliary ganglion, mahaifa m nodes, da hasken rana plexus da mesenteric nodes.
• Intraorganic nodes ne, ba wuya a tsammani, suna located in kayan ciki: zuciya tsoka, Bronchial, hanji tube, da endocrine gland.

Wadannan bambance-bambance tsakanin somatic da autonomic tsarin da ake warai kafe a cikin phylogeny, kuma suna hade da yaduwa gudu daga reflexes kuma su larura.

Ganewa da reflex

Azahiri a kan reflex baka shiga tsoka mai amsa sigina ruri, wanda ya haddasa zumudi da ya faru na wani jijiya turu. Dalili na wannan tsari ne da canji a cikin taro na alli da sodium ions, wanda suke a garesu na jikin tantanin. Canza yawan anions da cations sa wani motsi in lantarki m kuma ya faru na sallama.

Daga tsoka mai amsa sigina ruri, centripetally dabba ba a kanta shiga afferent mahada reflex baka - cerebrospinal kumburi. Scion ta je da laka da m tsakiya, sa'an nan sauya zuwa motor neurons. Wannan ne tsakiya mahada na reflex. Matakai motor nuclei na laka suna located tare da sauran tushen da kuma aika zuwa daidai actuators. A thicker tsoka zaruruwa kawo karshen motor plaque.

Baud kudi bugun jini dogara a kan irin jijiya zaruruwa da kuma iya Range daga 0.5 zuwa mita 100 da na biyu. Zumudi ba canjawa wuri zuwa m jijiyoyi saboda gaban bawo isolating matakai daga sãshe.

Ma'ana reflex hanawa

Tun da jijiya fiber ne iya ci gaba da dogon agitation, da braking ne wani muhimmin Na'urar inji da kwayoyin. Godiya ga shi, da jijiya Kwayoyin ba fuskanci m gajiya da overstimulation. Contact afferentation, inda ya gane da kuma braking, aka hannu a cikin samuwar sharadi reflexes da kuma kawar da bukatar tsakiya m tsarin don nazarin sakandare ayyuka. Wannan na samar daidaituwa reflexes, msl, motsi.

Feedback afferentation kuma hana yada jijiyar zuwa wasu Tsarin na juyayi tsarin, yayin da rike su yi.

Bunkasa aikin juyayi tsarin

A wani m mutum duk da gabobin aiki daidaituwa da kuma amince. Su ne batun a uniform tsarin na daidaituwa. A tsarin da reflex baka - wannan shi ne na musamman harka, wanda ya tabbatar guda mulki. Kamar yadda da wani tsarin, a mutum, ma, akwai da dama daga ka'idojin ko dokoki da wanda shi aiki:

• Haduwa (hatsaisai na daban-daban rabo iya zo daya rabo daga CNS).
• sakawa a iska mai guba (tsawo da kuma mai tsanani hangula sa zumudi na dab shafukan).
• juna (hanawa wasu sauran reflexes).
• a kowa karshe hanya (bisa hilafa adadin afferent neurons zuwa efferent).
• feedback (kai-tsari tsarin dangane da yawan hatsaisai samu da kuma generated).
• rinjaye (gaban babban mayar da hankali da zumudi, wanda overlaps da sauran).