Tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin: sifa da aiki

Daidai aiki na juyayi tsarin on daban-daban fronts yana da muhimmanci ga cikakken mutum rayuwa. The mutum juyayi tsarin ne mafi hadaddun tsarin da kwayoyin.

Modern ideas game da ayyuka na juyayi tsarin

Complex sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa, wanda aka denoted matsayin kimiyya da nazarin halittu juyayi tsarin ne zuwa kashi tsakiya da kuma na gefe, dangane da wurin da jijiya Kwayoyin kansu. A farko kawo tare da Kwayoyin located a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma a cikin laka. Amma da jijiya nama, wanda suna located waje samar da gefe m tsarin (PNS).

Jamhuriyar juyayi tsarin (CNS) aiwatar da zuciyar ayyuka na aiki da kuma watsa bayanai, hulɗa tare da yanayi. A juyayi tsarin aiki a kan reflex manufa. Reflex - shi ne mai mayar da martani ga wani takamaiman Gabar hangula. Kai tsaye da hannu a cikin wannan tsari da jijiya Kwayoyin a cikin kwakwalwa. Bayan samun bayanai daga neurons a PNS, su aka sarrafa da kuma aika zuwa ga lokacinta a cikin zartarwa jiki. Bisa wannan ka'ida ya yi dukan son rai da involuntary ƙungiyoyi, ta ji tsoron aiki (fahimi aiki), suna tunanin da kuma memory, da sauransu. D.

salula sunadaran

Ko da kuwa da ayyuka na tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin da kuma cell wuri, neurons da wasu sifofin da suke duk Kwayoyin na jiki. Saboda haka, duk neuron aka hada da:

• membrane ko wani cytoplasmic membrane.
• cytoplasm ko sarari tsakanin harsashi da core cell da aka cika da kwayuka ruwa.
• mitochondria, da samar da makamashi neuron kanta, wanda suka samu daga glucose da oxygen.
• microtubes - bakin ciki Tsarin cewa yin support ayyuka da kuma taimaka cell don kula da primary hakkinSa.
• endoplasmic reticulum - ciki networks, wanda tantanin halitta yana amfani da ga kai isar.

Fitattun abubuwa jijiya Kwayoyin

Jijiya Kwayoyin suna da takamaiman abubuwa da suke da alhakin su sadarwar da sauran neurons.

Axons - babban matakai na jijiya Kwayoyin, ga wanda da bayanin da aka canjawa wuri ta na tsarin jijiya kewaye. The ƙarin bayani fita watsa tashoshin Forms neuron, da girma shi ne ta axon sashe.

Dendrites - wasu matakai na neuron. Su located da shigar synapses - takamaiman maki inda akwai lamba tare da neurons. Saboda haka, kira mai shigowa siginar neuronal synoptic watsa.

Rarrabuwa da kuma kaddarorin jijiya Kwayoyin

Jijiya Kwayoyin, ko neurons, ya kasu kashi da yawa kungiyoyin da subgroups, dangane da specialization, aikin, da kuma wuri a cikin na tsarin jijiya cibiyar sadarwa.

The abubuwa alhakin azanci ji na waje samuwar kasashe (hangen nesa, ji, tactile Feel, wari, da sauransu. D.), da ake kira touch. Neurons, wanda ake hada a cikin cibiyar sadarwa don samar da mota ayyuka suna kira motor. Har ila yau, a Majalisar {asa da gauraye neurons cewa yin m ayyuka.

Ya danganta da wurin da neuron game da kwakwalwa da kuma zartarwa ikonsa, da Kwayoyin iya zama na farko, na biyu, da sauransu. D.

Genetically neurons alhakin kira na musamman kwayoyin, da abin da mãsu gina synaptic sadarwa tare da sauran kyallen takarda, amma jijiya Kwayoyin ba su da ikon su raba.

Yana dogara ne a kan wannan bayani da kuma tartsatsi a cikin adabi da cewa "da jijiya Kwayoyin ba regenerate." Hakika, iya raba neurons ba zai iya regenerate. Amma su ne kowane biyu na iya haifar da yawa sabon na tsarin jijiya sadarwa yin hadaddun ayyuka.

Saboda haka, Kwayoyin suna kaddara to kullum haifar da sabon da kuma sabuwar dangantaka. Kamar wancan tasowa a hadaddun na tsarin jijiya cibiyar sadarwa na sadarwa. Halittar sabon sadarwa a cikin kwakwalwa take kaiwa zuwa ga cigaban da hankali, da tunanin. Muscle m ne ma tasowa a cikin irin wannan hanya. Kwakwalwa na mafita inganta a horar da duk sabon da sabon mota aiki.

A ci gaba da wani tunanin da hankali, jiki da hankali yakan faru a cikin juyayi tsarin a irin wannan hanya. Amma idan mayar da hankali ne a kan abu daya, da sauran ayyuka ba ci gaba da sauri.

kwakwalwa

Kwakwalwa na fara tasawa Tã game 1.3-1.5 kg. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa har zuwa 22, da nauyi a hankali qara, kuma bayan 75 years fara raguwa.

A talakawan mutum ta kwakwalwa yana da fiye da 100 tiriliyan lantarki sadarwa, wanda shi ne sau da yawa ya fi girma fiye da dukan sadarwa a duk lantarki na'urorin a duniya.

Don karatu da kuma yunkurin inganta kwakwalwa aiki, masu bincike ciyar shekarun da suka gabata da kuma dubun miliyoyin daloli.

sassa na kwakwalwa, da aikin halaye

Yana iya har yanzu a yi la'akari halin yanzu ilmi game da kwakwalwa isa. Musamman idan akai la'akari da cewa gabatar da kimiyya da ayyuka na mutum sassa na kwakwalwa sun sanya yiwu ci gaban ilimin tsarin jijiyoyi, neurosurgery.

Kwakwalwa ne zuwa kashi wadannan zones:

1. Forebrain. Forebrain mafi yawa ana dangana "mafi girma" shafi tunanin mutum da ayyuka. Yana hada da:

• da frontal lobes, alhakin tsara ayyuka na sauran yankunan.
• boko lobes, alhakin ji da kuma jawabin.
• parietal lobes tsara motsi iko da azanci shine fahimta.
• occipital lobes ne alhakin gani aiki.

2. A midbrain hada da:

• Thalamus inda aiki ya auku kusan dukan bayanai kunshe a cikin forebrain.
• A hypothalamus iko da bayanai daga tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin da autonomic NS.

3. A na baya ya hada da:

• A medulla oblongata, wanda shi ne alhakin da tsari na nazarin halittu rhythms da kuma hankali.
• Kwakwalwa kara bada Yunƙurin zuwa jijiya tafarkin da cewa su ne batun kwakwalwa sadarwar da laka Tsarin, mai irin mahada tsakanin tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin.
• Cerebellum, kwakwalwa ko kananan, shi ne a cikin goma na da taro na kwakwalwa. biyu cerebral hemispheres suna located sama da shi. Daga cikin aikin da cerebellum dogara da daidaituwa da ƙungiyoyi, da ikon ya kula da wani ma'auni a cikin sarari.

laka

A talakawan tsawon na laka na fara tasawa ne kamar 44 cm.

Yana fãra daga kwakwalwa kara da ya wuce ta foramen magnum a cikin kwanyar. Ya ƙare a matakin na biyu lumbar vertebra. A ƙarshen laka kira kwakwalwa mazugi. Yana ƙare da wani jari na da lumbar da sacral jijiyoyi.

Daga cikin laka rassan fitar da nau'i-nau'i daga 31 kashin baya jijiyoyi. Suna taimaka gama sassa na juyayi tsarin: tsakiya da kuma na gefe. Ta hanyar wadannan matakai sashi na jiki da kuma kayan ciki sami sakonni daga PSD.

A cikin laka akwai kuma primary aiki na reflex bayanai, game da shi accelerating da aiwatar da mutum martani ga samuwar kasashe a hadarin gaske yanayi.

CSF ko kwakwalwa ruwa, kowa zuwa kwakwalwa da kuma laka, an kafa a cikin kwakwalwa jijiyoyin bugun gini shafukan slits daga jini jini.

Yadda aka saba, ta zagayawa dole ne m. Sayar da giya halitta m ciki girman kwanyar matsa lamba, yi aikin cushioning kuma m aiki. Analysis na abun da ke ciki CSF - shi ne daya daga cikin sauki hanyoyin da za a gane asali tsanani cututtuka NA.

Abin da ya haddasa lalacewar da tsakiya m tsarin na daban-daban Farawa

Cuta na juyayi tsarin, dangane da lokaci, an rarraba su zuwa:

1. Predperinatalnye - kwakwalwa lalacewa a utero.
2. Perinatal - a lokacin da lalacewar faruwa a lokacin bayarwa da kuma a cikin ta farko hours bayan haihuwa.
3. Postnatal - a lokacin da laka ko kwakwalwa rauni auku bayan haihuwa.

Dangane da yanayin CNS kasu kashi:

1. Traumatic (mafi fili). Dole ne mu yi la'akari da cewa juyayi tsarin ne na muhimmancin gaske ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, kuma daga ra'ayi juyin halitta, saboda haka kwakwalwa da kuma laka da aka kare a kusa da bawo okolomozgovye ruwa da kashi nama. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, wannan kariya bai isa ba. Wasu raunin sa lalacewar da tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin. Traumatic laka rauni ne sosai mafi kusantar su kai ga babu ja sakamakon. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan inna, to wannan degenerative (tare da sauka a hankali mutuwa kashe of neurons). A mafi girma da lalacewa ya faru, da m paresis (rage tsoka ƙarfi). Mafi na kowa raunuka suna dauke su bude da kuma rufe girgizawa.
2. Organic CNS raunuka sau da yawa faruwa a lokacin haihuwa da kuma kai wa ga cerebral palsy. Sun tashi daga wani rashin oxygen (hypoxia). Yana da wani sakamako na tsawo aiki ko igiyar katsalandan. Dangane da tsawon hypoxia, cerebral palsy iya zama daban-daban na digiri na tsanani daga m to mai tsanani, wanda yana tare da atrophy hadaddun ayyuka na tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin. CNS wadannan bugun jini kuma bayyana a matsayin kwayoyin.
3. Genetically niyya tsakiya m tsarin raunuka ne saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin sarkar. Su suna dauke su hereditary. Mafi na kowa - Down ta ciwo, Tourette ta ciwo, Autism (genetically-na rayuwa cuta) cewa faruwa jim kadan bayan haihuwa ko a cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa. Kensington ta cuta, Parkinson, Alzheimer ta da degenerative dauke faruwa a tsakiyar ko tsufa.
4. Encephalopathy - mafi sau da yawa faruwa a matsayin sakamako na lalata kwakwalwa nama cuta-haddasa kwayoyin (herpetic encephalopathy, meningococcal, cytomegalovirus).

A tsarin da na gefe m tsarin

PNS samar da jijiya Kwayoyin located waje cikin kwakwalwa da kuma kashin baya canal. Ya kunshi ganglia (girman kwanyar, da laka da kuma autonomic). Har ila yau a cikin PNS, akwai 31 nau'i-nau'i daga jijiyoyi da jijiya endings.

A wani aikin hankali, da PNS kunshi da somatic neurons cewa kai motor hasken dake fitowa kuma a lamba tare da rabe na ji gabobin, kuma vegetative, wanda ke da alhakin aiki na kayan ciki. Gefe na tsarin jijiya Tsarin dauke da mota, da kuma autonomic zaruruwa sensetivnye.

kumburi tafiyar matakai

Cututtuka na tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin ne sosai daban-daban a yanayi. Idan CNS rauni sau da yawa da hadaddun, duniya abubuwan, da PNS cututtuka sukan bayyana a cikin nau'i na kumburi tafiyar matakai a cikin yankunan ganglia. A likita yi, irin kumburi da aka kira neuralgia.

neuralgia - wata azãba mai kumburi a sashi na jari ganglion, ruri daga wanda ya haddasa kaifi reflex twinge. By neuralgia hada polyneuritis, radiculitis, da ciwon kumburi, ko lumbar trigeminal jijiya, plexitis da kuma kama. D.

Aikin na tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin a cikin juyin halitta daga cikin jikin mutum

Juyayi tsarin - kadai daya daga cikin tsarin na jikin mutum da cewa za a iya inganta. A hadaddun tsarin da tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin ne genetically da evolutionarily. Kwakwalwa na da musamman dukiya - neuroplasticity. Shi ne da ikon da CNS Kwayoyin dauki kan ayyuka na dab matattu Kwayoyin, da gina sabon na tsarin jijiya sadarwa. Wannan bayyana likita mamaki, a lokacin da yara da kwayoyin kwakwalwa raunuka ci gaba da horar da tafiya, magana, da sauransu. D., Kuma mutane bayan da wani bugun jini a kan lokaci, mayar da ikon tafiya kullum. Wannan duk wadda ta gabãta daga cikin shiri na miliyoyin sabon links tsakanin tsakiya da kuma na gefe sassa na juyayi tsarin.

Tare da ci gaban daban-daban dawo da dabarun marasa lafiya bayan kwakwalwa rauni haife kuma ga cigaban dan Adam dabaru. Suna dogara ne a kan ma'ana zato cewa idan tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin iya warke daga raunin da ya faru, da lafiya jijiya Kwayoyin suna ma iya ci gaba da yuwuwar ne kusan m.