A sunadarai dabara na glycerol. A tsarin da kwayoyin dabara

A sauki polyhydric barasa, a cikinsa akwai uku OH kungiyoyin, - glycerol. Da dabara domin mahadi wannan janar type, - CnH2n - 1 (OH) 3. Don mafi alhẽri fahimta da kaddarorin da kuma amfani da glycerin kuma ta homologues, la'akari da wani iri-iri mahadi na dabarbari, kowanne daga abin da ake amfani a wasu yanayi.

Rarrabuwa da kuma nomenclature na glycerols

A kwayoyin sunadarai alcohols - ne abubuwa samu daga hydrocarbons. Sashe na daga cikin hydrogen atoms a cikin kwayoyin da aka sauya ta daya ko fiye hydroxy kungiyoyin. Alcohols bambanta a cikin yawan OH kungiyoyin (mono-, di-, polyhydric). Ƙananan 'yan aji tare da yawan carbon atoms daga 1 zuwa 12 - ruwa abubuwa, mafi girma - daskararru. Alkantrioly, ko glycerol - a trihydric alcohols dauke a cikin abun da ke ciki uku hydroxyl alaka uku daban-daban carbon atoms. Mahadi na wannan kungiya ya nuna amphoteric Properties, saboda da juna tasiri na hydroxy kungiyoyin da m.

A sauki wakilin alkantriolov - 1,2,3-propanetriol (dangantawa - glycerin). Formula abu - C ₃ H ₈ Yã _3. -Din-din nomenclature ya shafi ambaci sunan m alkane da kalmar "triol", da yin amfani da Larabci numerals, ma'ana da matsayi na OH kungiyar. Ƙidayar a cikin kwayoyin zama homologs na glycerol daga mafi kusa da karshen na sarkar hydroxyl. Matsaloli iri isomeric tsarin da carbon sarkar, da matsayi na hydroxy kungiyoyin Tantancewar.

Opening na glycerol

Yaren mutanen Sweden harhaɗa magunguna Karl Scheele a 1779 a karon farko samu wani sabon syrupy abu daga saponification na fats. 33 years daga baya Bafaranshen M. Chevreul suna da dadi ruwa glycerin.

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na Peluso kafa a 1836. Gagarumin taimako ga nazarin tsarin sanya Berthelot (1854) da kuma Wurtz (1857), ya ci gaba da gudanar da bincike glycerol. Kwayoyin dabara da kuma m yanayin da a yarda da wani sashe glycerin rage barasa.

Da bukatar glycerol ya karu da yawa tun 1847, lokacin da aka bude nitric ester. Yaren mutanen Sweden m A. Nobel a 1875 gudanar a samu ta hanyar yin amfani da glycerine nakiyoyi - Dynamite.

A abun da ke ciki, tsarin da na farko glycerol dabara

A na farko abun da ke ciki na al'amarin rikodin daidai da gaskiya, kuma babban empirical dabara na glycerol - C ₃ H ₈ Yã _3. A carbon sarkar yana da uku kwayoyin halitta, kowanne daga abin da ake dangantawa da wata hydroxy kungiyar. Chemical alamomin nuna a fakaice abubuwa kunshe atoms: C - carbon, O - oxygen, H - hydrogen. Abun da ke ciki glycerol gani daban-daban dabarbari (kwayoyin, tsarin). Yadu a yi amfani da nazarin abu da kuma sharosterzhnevye hemispherical juna. Biyu-girma da kuma sifantu ta fuska uku halitta ta hanyar kwamfuta tallan kayan kawa - a sarari image na kwayoyin na glycerol. Su ka damar ganin tsarin, dangi matsayi da kuma nesa, bond kwana tsakanin kwayoyin halitta.

Kwayoyin da matauni taro na glycerol

By kwayoyin dabara za a iya samu kuma matauni taro, da yawan abubuwa a abubuwa. Ga lissafin zama dole yin amfani da dabi'u na atomic talakawa da abubuwa da aka jera a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. A empirical dabara na glycerol: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. By halitta da atomic nauyi (a. E. M.) Daga kowane kashi da adadin kwayoyin halitta, ya bi ta hanyar Bugu da kari daga cikin dabi'u samu zai sami kwayoyin (Mr) da matauni (M) na taro. Domin da irin lissafin sauki don amfani da glycerol babban dabara - C ₃ H ₈ Yã _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794. da yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin - 8.
• Ar (C) = 12.0107. atoms - 3.
• Ar (G) = 15,9994. atoms - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ Yã _{3) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794} * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 da. e. m.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ Yã ₃₎ = 92.09382 g / mol /
• A kashi na abubuwa a cikin abubuwa Kwayar Komayya: H - 8,756% S - 39,125% O - 52,119%.

A m da kuma tsarin dabara na glycerol

A abun da ke ciki na al'amarin, kuma ta kwayoyin gani m da kuma babban dabara, amma ba su nuna da tsari na sunadaran wanda ya bambanta glycerol. Da dabara da kuma tsarin kwamfuta model mafi dace da karatu da tsarin da kwayoyin, da shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta.

• A m dabara na glycerol - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Daga cikin abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin gano da kuma kewaye a cikin parentheses aikin kungiyoyin OH. Nan da nan bayan rufe zance nuna yawan hydroxyl kungiyoyin a cikin kwayoyin.
• Polurazvernuty view m dabara - HOCH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Tsarin Formula graphically nuna da wuri daga cikin kwayoyin. Dashes tsakanin kwayoyin halitta wakiltar sinadaran shaidu.
• Lewis tsarin qunshi dige wakiltar da valence electrons da ma'aurata musharaka cikin bond samuwar.

Wasu kwayoyin image iri zauna yawa sarari, don haka sau da yawa amfani da rage tsawon dabara, msl, HOCH ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, da kuma tsarin kasusuwan:

Yanayin kwayoyin halitta a cikin glyceryl kwayoyin

Hydroxyl - iyakacin duniya barbashi, kuma oxygen yana da wani LonE biyu daga electrons. A gaban uku hydroxyl kungiyoyin take kaiwa zuwa kara rabuwa da O-H. Carbon atoms bayyana m cajin "+" gudanarwa nucleophilic canzawa daga hydroxyl. Peculiarities na abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin, wanda ya nuna tsarin dabara na glycerin, an tabbatar da kaddarorin da abu. Wannan fili ne halin da yawa hydrogen shaidu - mafi rauni a tsakaninsu. Glycerol mallaka mafi pronounced acid Properties, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da ethanol da propanol. Daga cikin manyan damuwa Kalam na glycerol trioleate. dabara:

• sauki - C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ Yã _6;
• polurazvernutaya m - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ COO) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• m abubuwa da tsarin da kuma kwarangwal -

bayyanar glycerol

A dakin da zazzabi, 1,2,3-propanetriol - colorless ko kodadde rawaya ruwa, odorless, zaki da dandano. Ƙarfafa narke a low yanayin zafi glycerin a zazzabi 17,8 ° C. Tafasasshen abu bi ta danshin fara a 290 ° C. Glycerol dan kadan heavier fiye da ruwa, ta yawa lissafi a 20 ° C da ake samu a darajar 1,2604 g / cm3.

Properties na 1,2,3-propanetriol

Chemical dabara na glycerol ba ya samar da bayanai game da yanayin da amphoteric fili. Rauni acidic da asali Properties na abubuwa da suka shafi rinjayar siffofin kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA, da rabuwa a cikin kungiyar G-H. A gaban glycerol aka mayar da martani tare da wani Alkali hydroxide, jan (II), aka samu blue masu launin hadaddun (daya daga cikin ingantaccen halayen). Tare acid na glycerol dauki ƙare da samuwar esters. Dayake a trihydric barasa tare da nitric acid a gaban H ₂ SO ₄ (conc.) Kaiwa ga samuwar na nitroglycerin.

A gida, daga fats da mai yin amfani da glycerol, ethyl barasa da kuma sauran sinadaran shirye sabulu. A dafa abinci tsari na bukatar mai da hankali taro dumama a kan wani ruwa mai wanka, wani m tsarin kula da zabin da aka gyara da kuma siffofi domin sabulu yin shirye samfurin.

Glycerin Irinta ake amfani a enamels, Paints, da yawa magunguna, kayan wanka. Ya ƙunshi abun zaki a dama da abinci, ciki har da gasa kaya. International sunan abun zaki da daɗin ci confections - E422. Tare da sauran alcohols, kuma m acid esters, glycerin aka dauke a matsayin m maye man fetur samu daga man fetur. Cost-tasiri hanyoyin da yin amfani da sabon iri na biodiesel makaman motoci zai canza yanayin rayuwan duniya kai kansu. Inganta muhalli halin da ake ciki tattalin arzikin duniya don rage dogaro a kan man fetur da kuma iskar gas.