Polyols: faye hali, shiri da kuma yin amfani da

Alcohols an samu hydrocarbon kwayoyin a cikin abin da daya ko fiye hydrogen atoms kusa da cikakken carbon zarra aka maye da hydroxy kungiyar - OH. An gwaje tabbatar da cewa adadin barasa hydroxyls a cikin kwayoyin ba zai iya wuce yawan hydrocarbon kwayoyin halitta. Dangane da yanayin da m, rarrabe acyclic (aliphatic) da kuma cyclic alcohols. da yawan hydroxyl kungiyoyin, - mono-, di-, tri- da polyhydric alcohols. jikewa - cikakken kuma unsaturated. site sarrafawa daga wani hydroxyl kungiyar a wani hydrocarbon sarkar - primary, secondary da kuma manyan alcohols.

Polyhydric alcohols - Kalam na alkanes a kwayoyin da fiye da uku hydrogen atoms an maye gurbinsu da hydroxy - OH. Domin da polyhydric alcohols a matsayin Kalam na monosaccharides halin isomerism kuma Tantancewar isomerism matsayi a cikin hydrocarbon sarkar OH kungiyar. Tantancewar isomerism dangantaka da da ikon da wasu kungiyoyin na Organic abubuwa a cikin mafita nuna Tantancewar aiki. Tantancewar aiki na abubuwa da aka kaddara ta amfani da wani polarimeter.

Ingantaccen dauki kan polyols

Mafi na kowa dauki ga ingantaccen polyols ne su hulda da jan hydroxide. A lokacin da dauki hydroxide dissolves, game da shi, kafa chelate hadaddun m.

Polyols: babban wakilan

S4N6 Chetyrehatomnye alcohols (OH) 4 kira tetritami, pentahydric S5N7 (OH) 5 - pentitami, hexahydric alcohols S6N8 (OH) 6 - hexitols. A kowane irin kungiyar rarrabe mutum alcohols wanda suna da tarihi sunayen: erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcitol, mannitol, da dai sauransu

Shiri polyalcohols

Wadannan alcohols an hada da rage monosaccharides, da sandaro na aldehydes da formaldehyde a wani alkaline matsakaici. Sau da yawa sosai, polyhydric alcohols shirya daga halitta raw kayan. Wasu alcohols cirewa daga dutsen ash 'ya'yan itãcen marmari.

Polyhydric alcohols - optically aiki fili, sosai narkewa a cikin ruwa. A IR da UV a jere da sha makada hankula OH kungiyoyin na monohydric alcohols. Chemical Properties na alcohols saboda gaban OH kungiyoyin. A dauki na wadannan mahadi da alkaline duniya karafa kafa alcoholates - saccharate. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydroxyl wanda aka sarrafa a kusa da farko carbon zarra (C1) suna kafa monosaccharides.

Polyols: babban wakilan

Erythritol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2SN2ON - crystalline abu ya narke a 121,5 ° C. The sama barasa kunshe ne a cikin lichens da kuma mosses. Erythritol za a iya samu saboda da dawo da 1,3-butadiene da erythrose. Ya ce barasa da ake amfani a yi na m mahadi, sauri-bushewa inks, emulsifiers.

Xylitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 3SNON - zaki lu'ulu'u, readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, narke a zazzabi na 61,5 digiri. The sama barasa za a iya hada ta rage xylose. Xylitol amfani a cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci a yi abinci masu ciwon sukari, kazalika a yi na alkyd resins, bushewa mai, da kuma surfactants.

Pentaerythritol, C (CH2OH) 4 - m talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Samu ta hanyar maida martani formaldehyde da acetaldehyde a gaban Ca (OH) 2. Ana amfani da a yi na polyesters, alkyd resins, tetrapentaeritrita, surfactants, plasticizers ga polyvinyl chloride, roba mai. Nuna narcotic Properties.

Mannitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - zaki da dandano abu ya narke a 165 digiri. Dauke mosses, fungi, algae, mafi girma shuke-shuke. Amfani da matsayin diuretic da kuma matsayin sashi na kwaskwarima kayayyakin (man shafawa).

D-Sorbitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - narke a 96 digiri. A barasa arziki ya'yan itãcen dutse ash. Sorbitol an samu a cikin akan rage glucose. Ya ce barasa ne tsaka-tsaki samfurin a cikin kira na bitamin C, ya nuna diuretic mataki, amfani da matsayin maimakon sucrose masu ciwon sukari.