Bacillus subtilis: taƙaitaccen bayanin

Daga cikin microbes ne sosai na kowa a cikin yanayi, shi ya shafi wannan kwayoyin. Hay bacillus aka bayyana a cikin 1835. Wannan lakabi ya samu daga kananan kwayoyin cewa ta asali ware daga pereprelogo hay. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin wani shãfe haske ganga hay Boiled a cikin ruwa, sa'an nan kuma tura kwana biyu ko uku. Bayan wannan nau'i mazauna Bacillus Subtilis. Haka abin ya fara a cikakken nazari da yaduwar kwayoyin cuta.

binciken

A kimiyya akwai wani lokaci - "model kwayoyin". Lokacin da wakilan halitta suna zaba domin m nazari na matakai, Properties, ga kimiyya da gwaje gwajen kimiyya. A daukan hankali misali - ciliate-takalma, wanda shi ne saba mana a cikin ilmin halitta aji.

Bacillus subtilis - a matsayin model kwayoyin. Godiya ga ta sosai karatu spore samuwar a Bacillus. Ta shi ne abin koyi ga fahimtar ginshikai na kwayan flagella, taka rawa a cikin nazarin kwayoyin halittar jini.

Masana kimiyya sun ciyar a kan namo Bacillus Subtilis gwajen kusa weightless yanayi da karatu da canji a cikin yawan kwayoyin. Kuma da kwayoyin amfani a cikin binciken na sarari ultraviolet radiation tasiri, Na'urar damar iya yin komai don shi kwayoyin namun daji. A cikin misali na nazarin yiwuwar hay bacillus kwayoyin da suke zaune a cikin yanayi na sauran duniyoyi a cikin hasken rana tsarin (yanzu fi maida hankali ga Mars).

taƙaitaccen halaye

Hay bacillus kwayoyin ne a mike kuma elongated siffar, taso keya m karshen, kullum colorless. Average diamita - 0.6 microns, da kuma tsawon jeri - 8.3 microns. A karkashin wadannan sigogi, hay bacillus karkashin madubin daidai yiwu a yi la'akari da ko da daukar hoto, ta amfani da fasahar zamani. Bacillus mobile godiya ga flagella. Suna girma a farfajiya na cell, kuma wannan za a iya gani a cikin hotuna.

mazauninsu

Hay bacillus al'ada dangana ga ƙasa microbes. Ta sa'an nan samun a kan ganyen shuke-shuke, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, da kayan lambu. Duk da haka, shi ya auku a cikin iska daga turɓãya, a wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici. Ko wani sashi na hanji microflora a cikin dabbobi da kuma a cikin mutane. Yana tasowa a yanayin zafi +5 zuwa +45 digiri Celsius (optimally - a yankin 30).

Bacillus subtilis. haifuwa

Kamar sauran kwayoyin ninka ta sauki rabo na sel (a tsaye). New kwayoyin suna kafa a sakamakon irin wannan rabo a cikin rabin, sau da yawa kasance alaka tsakãninsu Thread. Irin wannan mahadi sauƙi rarrabe a kan hotuna.

Bacillus subtilis spore tsohon nasa ne. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don tsira a taron na unfavorable yanayi na rayuwa. Bacillus sporulation fara, da cell abinda ke ciki ta samu tsarin da hatsi. Wasu daga cikin kõwace zangarniya akwai ƙwãya, yawanci a tsakiyar ɓangare, zai fara tashi, ya rufe wuya harsashi. Duk da haka, akwai wani halakar da asali cell membranes. A tsari ne kammala a karshe ja da waje yanayi halayyar spores. Wani daga cikin sel bayan division rike da ikon a cikin samuwar spores, mafi yawan abin da su da wani taso ko m siffar. Su ne quite resistant zuwa waje dalilai da kuma wani karuwa a zazzabi - misali, za su iya jure zafin 100 digiri Celsius. Characteristically, da kwayoyin sun faro ne daga rigingimu na kullum da kuma ikon matsawa kawai bayyana a bãyanta na kananan kwayoyin.

Yana ciyarwa da hay bacillus

Wannan bacteria ne saprophytes, shi Ciyarwar a matattu kwayoyin halitta. Kamar yadda heterotrophs, Bacillus subtilis ba za a iya hada daga inorganic abubuwa wajibi ne ga su abinci mai gina jiki. Saboda yana amfani da kwayoyin, cewa da aka samar da wasu kwayoyin. Daga wannan shi samar da zama dole carbon domin samar da makamashi musayar.

Babban ikon tushen kayan lambu asalin ne polysaccharides (sitaci) da dabba (glycogen). A kan aiwatar da samar da amino acid, bitamin, enzymes da kuma daban-daban maganin rigakafi ta hanyar kira.

Hulɗarka tare da sauran kwayoyin

Wannan zai iya kashe ci gaban bacillus-pathogenic da yanaye pathogenic microbes: Salmonella da Streptococcus, staphylococcus da sauran "kwari". Alal misali, da yawa na da yara ci gaba a reflex cin abinci wasu jinsunan shuke-shuke. Kuma wannan hanya ba kawai ya ba da jiki da bitamin, amma na taimaka wa da cewa don samun spores Bacillus Subtilis, wanda zai iya halakar pathogenic microflora jinsunan, da kara a wannan rigakafi.

Kuma duk da haka, wannan bacillus iya zama abincinku protozoa. Alal misali, a farkon abinci sarkar zai yi kama da wannan: Bacillus subtilis - ciliate-takalma - wani irin mollusk - kifi - mutane.

pathogenicity

A cewar daban-daban sukayi fassara, wannan bacillus ba pathogenic ga mutane da kuma dabbobi. Yana taka rawa a cikin tsari na abinci narkewa, karya saukar da sunadaran da carbohydrates, an fafitikar da hanji pathogens, fata na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Da masu bincike gano cewa tsakanin kwayoyin cuta, wadda ne, misali, a cikin raunuka na mutane ne ko da yaushe wani Bacillus subtilis. Yana samar da enzymes cewa karya saukar matattu nama, da kuma maganin rigakafi cewa hana pathogenic microorganisms, da kadan tasiri a kan duka biyu anti-rashin lafiyan magani. An tabbatar da kimiyya: kwayoyin cike da kuma ci gaban dauke da kwayar cutar jamiái a lokacin m hanyoyin.

Amma, duk da haka, kuma lura da illar da bacillus: na iya haifar da alerji, wanda aka bayyana a wani kurji a jiki; wani lokacin sa abinci mai guba bayan cinyewa abinci, lalace da muhimmanci ayyuka na kananan kwayoyin. Yana iya sa mai tsanani ido kamuwa da mutum.