A sunadarai kungiyar na sel: kwayoyin abubuwa, macro- da microelements

A cikin marigayi 19th karni shi kafa wani reshe na nazarin halittun kira Biochemistry. Ta yin nazarin sinadaran abun da ke ciki na rayuwa Kwayoyin. Babban aiki na kimiyya - ilimi na peculiarities na metabolism da kuma samar da makamashi, gudãnar da muhimmanci ayyuka na shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin.

A ra'ayi na da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na sel

A sakamakon m bincike da masana kimiyya da sinadaran kungiyar na sel da aka yi karatu da kuma gano cewa abubuwa masu rai an hada da fiye da 85 sinadaran abubuwa. Kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna bukata domin kusan duk kwayoyin, yayin da wasu ne musamman da faruwa a cikin takamaiman nau'in. A na uku kungiyar da sunadarai abubuwa ba a cikin sel microorganisms, tsirrai da dabbobi a isasshe kananan yawa. Chemical abubuwa na cell ne sau da yawa a cikin nau'i na cations da anions daga wanda ma'adinai gishiri da kuma ruwan da ake kafa, da kuma kwayoyin carbon mahadi an hada: carbohydrates, sunadarai, lipids.

organogenic abubuwa

A Biochemistry, wadannan sun hada da Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen da kuma nitrogen. Su sa ne a cikin wani cell na 88 zuwa 97% na sauran sinadaran abubuwa ba a cikin shi. Musamman muhimmanci ne carbon. Duk da kwayoyin abubuwa a cikin abun da ke ciki na sel kunshi kwayoyin dauke da carbon a cikin abun da ke ciki sunadaran. Su za a iya juna ta samar da wata sarkar (branched da unbranched), kazalika da hawan keke. Wannan ikon carbon atoms underlies daukan hankali bambancin da kwayoyin abubuwa kunshe a cikin cell cytoplasm da wasu gabbansa.

Alal misali, ciki abinda ke ciki na cell kunshi wani narkewa oligosaccharide, hydrophilic sunadarai, lipids, daban-daban iri RNA: canja wurin RNA, ribosomal RNA da kuma Manzo RNA, kazalika da free monomers - nucleotides. Irin wannan sinadaran abun da ke ciki na da cell tsakiya. Yana kuma dauke da kwayoyin da na deoxyribonucleic acid, wani ɓangare na chromosomes. Duk na sama mahadi a cikin abun da ke ciki sunadaran nitrogen, carbon tare da oxygen, hydrogen. Wannan shi ne wani gwaji na musamman muhimmancin, tun a sinadaran kungiyar na cell dogara a kan abun ciki na biogenic abubuwa da cewa yin up salula Tsarin: hyaloplasm da wasu gabbansa.

Macronutrients da wurãrenta

Chemical abubuwa, wanda su ma sosai na kowa a cikin sel daban-daban iri kwayoyin, Biochemistry ake kira macronutrients. Da abun ciki a cikin wayar ne 1.2% - 1.9%. By macroelements Kwayoyin hada da: phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, magnesium, alli, da baƙin ƙarfe, da sodium. Dukan su da muhimmanci ayyuka da kuma wani bangare ne na daban-daban kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, ferrous ion ne ba a cikin jini gina jiki - haemoglobin, wanda daukawa oxygen (wanda idan shi ne ake kira oxyhaemoglobin), carbon dioxide (karbogemoglobin) ko carbon dioxide (carboxyhaemoglobin).

Sodium ions samar da muhimmanci nau'i na intercellular kai: da ake kira sodium-potassium famfo. Su ma wani bangare ne na interstitial ruwa da kuma jini jini. Magnesium ions ba a chlorophyll kwayoyin (photopigment mafi girma shuke-shuke) da suke da hannu a aiwatar da photosynthesis, kazalika da form dauki cibiyoyin cewa tarkon photons haske makamashi.

Alli ions samar da madugu na jijiya hatsaisai tare da zaruruwa kuma suna da babban bangaren osteocytes - kashi Kwayoyin. Alli mahadi tartsatsi a duniya invertebrate dabbobi wanda bawo an hada da alli carbonate.

Chloride ions suna da hannu a recharging da jikin tantanin kuma samar da bayyanar lantarki hatsaisai na tamkar na tsarin jijiya ruri.

A sulfur atoms wani bangare ne na 'yan qasar da furotin da kuma sa su manyan tsarin "stitching" polypeptide sarkar, game da shi, kafa globular sunadari.

Potassium ions suna da hannu a cikin kai da abubuwa ta hanyar cell membranes. phosphorus kwayoyin halitta ne wani ɓangare na wannan muhimmanci makamashi-m abubuwa irin adenosine triphosphate, kuma shi ne wani muhimmin bangaren da kwayoyin na deoxyribonucleic da ribonucleic acid, wanda su ne main abubuwa cell gadar hali.

Trace aiki a salon salula metabolism

Game 50 sinadaran abubuwa constituting kasa da 0.1% a cikin Kwayoyin, kira microcells. Wadannan sun hada da tutiya, molybdenum, aidin, jan, cobalt, sunadarin flourine. Tare da low goyon baya da suka yi da wani muhimmanci sosai aiki, a matsayin wani ɓangare na da yawa ilimin aiki abubuwa.

Alal misali, tutiya kwayoyin halitta ne a cikin insulin kwayoyin (pancreatic hormone gudãnar jini glucose matakin), aidin ne a bijiro da batun kafa na thyroid hormones - thyroxine da triiodothyronine iko da matakin na metabolism a cikin jiki. Copper, tare da baƙin ƙarfe ions da hannu a hematopoiesis (samuwar ja da maikacin jini, platelets da farin jini Kwayoyin a cikin bargo na vertabrate). Copper ions suke kunshe a hemocyanin pigment ba a cikin jini na kwaro, irin Shellfish. Saboda haka, launi da hemolymph blue.

More kasa abun ciki a cikin cell irin sinadaran abubuwa kamar darma, da zinariya, da bromine, da azurfa. Suna da ake kira ultromikroelementami kuma wani ɓangare na shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin. Alal misali, a cikin sinadaran analysis masara weevil zinariya ions aka gano. Bromine kwayoyin halitta a babban adadin Kwayoyin kunshe a cikin thalli na ruwan kasa da kuma ja algae, kamar Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

All baya wadannan misalai da kuma facts bayyana yadda m sinadaran abun da ke ciki, da kuma aiki tsarin Kwayoyin. Tebur a kasa ya nuna abinda ke ciki na daban-daban sinadaran abubuwa a cikin sel rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Janar halaye na gudanar da mahadi

Chemical Properties na sel daban-daban kungiyoyin na kwayoyin a cikin wani hanya dogara a kan carbon atoms, wanda asusu na sama da 50% na cell mass. Kusan duk bushe cell al'amari ne wakilta carbohydrates, sunadarai, nucleic acid da kuma lipids, wanda da wani hadadden tsarin da kuma high kwayoyin nauyi. Wadannan kwayoyin ake kira macromolecules (polymers) da kuma an hada da sauki abubuwa - monomers. Protein abubuwa taka muhimmiyar rawa da kuma yin wani iri-iri na ayyuka, wanda aka tattauna a kasa.

Rawar da sunadarai a cikin cell

Biochemical bincike na mahadi shiga wani Rayayyen tantanin halitta, ya tabbatar da babban abun ciki na Organic abubuwa kamar sunadarai. Wannan al'amari yana mai ma'ana bayani: sunadaran yi wani iri-iri ayyuka da kuma suna da hannu a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa cell.

Alal misali, m aiki sunadarai ne da samuwar antibodies - antibodies samar da lymphocytes. Irin m sunadaran kamar thrombin, fibrin da tromboblastin samar da jini clotting da kuma hana ta asara a rauni da kuma rauni. A hadaddun abun da ke ciki na cell hada da matattarar sunadaran gina jiki da ciwon da ikon gane waje mahadi - antigens. Sun canja abin da sanyi da kuma rahoton cell na m hadura (ƙararrawa aiki).

Wasu sunadaran da dokokin aiki da su ba ji ba gani, kamar oxytocin, samar da hypothalamus, pituitary kiyayeshi. A ci gaba daga gare shi zuwa cikin jini, oxytocin abubuwa a kan tsoka bango na mahaifa, da haddasa ta raguwa. vasopressin gina jiki kuma hidima da daidaita aikin da iko jini.

A tsoka Kwayoyin suna actin da myosin, ne m ji ƙyama, wanda ya haddasa mota aiki na tsoka nama. Domin sunadarai, hankula da kuma trophic aiki, msl, albumin tayi amfani da wani sinadarin gina jiki ga ci gaba. Jini da sunadarai na daban-daban kwayoyin, kamar haemoglobin da hemocyanin, oxygen kwayoyin aka canjawa wuri - aiki kai aiki. Idan more makamashi cinyewa abubuwa irin carbohydrates da lipids, cikakken amfani, da cell fara karya saukar da sunadarai. Daya gram na wannan abu 17 ba 2 KJ da makamashi. Daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan da sunadarai ne catalytic (sunadarai, enzymes bugun up sinadaran halayen a cytoplasmic compartments). Bisa ga sama, mun gani cewa sunadaran da yawan matukar muhimmanci a jiki da kuma dole ɓangare na dabba cell.

gina jiki biosynthesis

Ka yi la'akari da aiwatar da gina jiki kira a cikin cell, wanda ya auku a cikin cytoplasm via wasu gabbansa kamar ribosomes. Godiya ga ayyuka na musamman enzymes, tare da sa hannu da ribosome alli ions hada polysomes. Babban ayyuka na ribosomes a cikin cell - kira na sunadarai na gina jiki, da suka fara da kwafi tsari. A sakamakon shi ake hada mRNA kwayoyin, to wanda aka a haɗe polysomes. Sa'an nan ya fara na biyu fitina - watsa shirye-shirye. Kai RNA daura wa ashirin daban-daban na amino acid da kuma kawo su zuwa ga polysomes, kuma tun da aiki na ribosomes a cikin cell - a kira na polypeptides, wadannan da wasu gabbansa da nunawa gidaje tare da tRNA, da kuma amino acid kwayoyin suna da nasaba tare da peptide bond ta samar da mai gina jiki macromolecule.

Da muhimmancin ruwa a metabolism

Cytological karatu sun tabbatar da cewa tsarin tantanin halitta da kuma abun da ke ciki na abin da muka karanta, wani talakawan of 70% ruwa, kuma a cikin dabbobin da yawa, abu mai ruwa hanyarsa ta rayuwa (misali, coelenterates) da abun ciki ya kai 97-98%. A ra'ayi na wannan sinadaran kungiyar na sel hada da hydrophilic (m na rushe) da kuma hydrophobic (ruwa-m) abu. Kamar yadda a duniya iyakacin duniya da sauran ƙarfi, ruwa taka wata muhimmiyar rawa, kuma yana da tasiri kai tsaye ba kawai a kan aiki, amma kuma a cikin sosai tsarin da Kwayoyin. Tebur a kasa ya nuna ruwan abun ciki a cikin daban-daban iri sel rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

The aiki na carbohydrates a cikin cell

Kamar yadda muka bayyana a baya, to muhimmanci kwayoyin sunadarai - polymers - ne ma carbohydrates. Wadannan sun hada da polysaccharides, oligosaccharides da monosaccharides. Carbohydrates wani bangare ne na hadadden tsarin - glycolipids da glycoproteins, wanda aka gina da salon salula membranes da nadmembrannye tsarin, msl glycocalyx.

Bugu da ƙari carbon a carbohydrate hada da kwayoyin halitta na hydrogen da oxygenation, da kuma wasu polysaccharides dauke da karin nitrogen, sulfur da phosphorus. Kwayoyin na da yawa shuka carbohydrates: Dankali tubers dauke da har zuwa 90% sitaci a tsaba da 'ya'yan itace carbohydrate abun ciki har zuwa 70%, da kuma dabbobi Kwayoyin suna samu a cikin nau'i na irin wannan mahadi a matsayin glycogen, chitin da trehalose.

Simple sugars (monosaccharides) da janar dabara CnH2nOn kuma ya kasu kashi tetroses, triose, pentose da hexose. A karshe biyu sun fi na kowa a cikin sel masu rai, misali, ribose da deoxyribose wani bangare ne na nucleic acid, da kuma glucose da fructose suna da hannu a cikin halayen da assimilation da dissimilation. Oligosaccharides sukan samu a shuka Kwayoyin: sucrose da aka adana a cikin sel na sukari gwoza kuma rake, maltose kunshe ne a cikin caryopses tsirar da hatsin rai da sha'ir.

Disaccharides da zaki da dandano kuma suna readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Polysaccharides, kasancewa biopolymers kunshi da farko na sitaci, cellulose, glycogen da laminarin. A tsarin siffofin hada polysaccharides chitin. A primary aiki na carbohydrates a cikin cell - makamashi. A sakamakon hydrolysis halayen da kuma makamashi metabolism cleaved polysaccharides to glucose, kuma shi ne to oxidized zuwa carbon dioxide da water. A sakamakon haka, daya gram na glucose sake 17,6 KJ da makamashi, da kuma reserves na sitaci da kuma glycogen, suna da gaske salula makamashi tafki.

Glycogen aka ajiye yafi a tsoka da kuma hanta Kwayoyin, kayan lambu sitaci - a tubers, kwararan fitila, Tushen, tsaba da kuma arthropod, kamar gizo-gizo, da kuma kwari crustaceans, babban rawa a cikin makamashi wadata taka oligosaccharide trehalose.

Carbohydrates ne daban-daban daga lipids da sunadarai, da ikon anoxic ƙasƙanci. Wannan shi ne musamman da muhimmanci ga kwayoyin da suke zaune a yanayi na rashi, ko kuma babu oxygen, kamar anaerobic kwayoyin cuta, da kuma helminths - parasites na mutane da dabbobi.

Akwai wani aiki na carbohydrates a cikin cell - yi (tsarin). Shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa wadannan abubuwa suna da goyon bayan Tsarin Kwayoyin. Alal misali, cellulose ne wani ɓangare daga cikin cell ganuwar na shuke-shuke, chitin Forms wani m kwarangwal da yawa kwaro ya auku a fungal Kwayoyin, olisaharidy tare da lipids da sunadarai kwayoyin samar da glycocalyx - nadmembranny hadaddun. Yana bayar da mannewa - tsakanin wani clumping dabba Kwayoyin, wadda take kaiwa ga samuwar nama.

Lipids: sifa da aiki

Wadannan kwayoyin abubuwa, waxanda ake hydrophobic (ruwa insoluble) za a iya cire, Ina nufin cirewa daga sel by nonpolar kaushi, kamar acetone ko chloroform. aiki na lipids a cikin cell dogara a kan abin da na uku kungiyoyin suna cikin: to fats, waxes ko steroids. Fats sun fi na kowa a iri daban-daban na sel.

Animals tara su a cikin subcutaneous adipose nama, na tsarin jijiya nama ƙunshi mai a cikin nau'i na da myelin daina kai hare hare na jijiyoyi. Yana kuma accumulates a kodan, hanta, kwari - a cikin kitsen jiki. Liquid fats - mai - samu a cikin tsaba yawa shuke-shuke: Pine, gyada, sunflower, zaitun. A sia abun ciki a cikin Kwayoyin jeri daga 5 zuwa 90% (a cikin adipose nama).

Steroids da waxes bambanta daga fats a cewa ba su da a cikin kwayoyin na m acid sharan. Saboda haka, steroids - yana da hormones adrenal bawo, shafi mafarki jiki da kuma waxanda suke da gyara na testosterone. Su ma wani ɓangare na bitamin (msl, bitamin D).

Babban aiki na lipids a cikin cell - shi ne samar da makamashi, aikin gina da kuma kariya. Na farko shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa 1 gram na mai a tsakiyan nonon ba 38.9 KJ makamashi - yawa fiye da sauran kwayoyin abubuwa - sunadaran da carbohydrates. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na kitse 1d shi tsaye kusan 1.1 c. ruwa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wasu dabbobi suna da ciwon stock na mai a jikinka iya zama na lokaci mai tsawo ba tare da ruwa. Alal misali, gophers iya zama dormant ga fiye da watanni biyu, ba tare da bukatar ruwa, kuma ba ya sha ruwa raƙumi a mi} a cikin jeji 10-12 kwanaki.

Construction na lipids aiki ta'allaka ne da cewa su ne wani ɓangare daga cell membranes, kazalika da wani ɓangare na jijiya. A m aiki na lipids kunshi a gaskiya cewa mai Layer ƙarƙashin fata a kusa da kodan da kuma sauran kayan ciki kare su daga inji rauni. Specific thermal rufi aiki ne muhimmi a cikin dabbobi na dogon lokaci kasancewa a cikin ruwa: Whales, like, Jawo like. M subcutaneous adipose Layer, misali, blue Whale ne 0.5 m, shi kare dabba daga hypothermia.

Darajar Oxygen a salon salula metabolism

Aerobic kwayoyin, wanda sun hada da ɗumbin mafiya yawan dabbobi, tsirrai da mutum, ta amfani da na yanayi oxygen domin samar da makamashi musayar halayen manyan zuwa tsakiyan nonon kwayoyin abubuwa da kasafi na wani adadin na makamashi tara a cikin nau'i na kwayoyin na adenosine triphosphate.

Saboda haka, cikakken hadawan abu da iskar shaka na daya mole na glucose da ya auku a cikin mitochondrial cristae, 2800 KJ na makamashi ne kasaftawa, na da 1596 KJ (55%) aka adana a cikin nau'i na ATP kwayoyin dauke da macroergic connection. Saboda haka, primary aiki na oxygen a cikin cell - aiwatar da aerobic numfasawa, wanda dogara ne a kan wani rukuni na enzymatic halayen da ake kira numfashi sarkar da ke faruwa a wasu gabbansa - mitochondria. A prokaryotic kwayoyin - phototrophic kwayoyin da cyanobacteria - hadawan abu da iskar shaka da na gina jiki faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar oxygen diffusing cikin Kwayoyin a ciki protuberances na jini membranes.

Muna da sinadaran kungiyar na sel an yi karatu, kazalika da matakai na gina jiki kira da oxygen aiki a salon salula makamashi metabolism.