Hydrogen - mafi sauki kashi

Hydrogen - wani sinadari, da mafi sauki a kan tsarin da ya fi na kowa a cikin yanayi. A cewar wasu kimiyya data, da rabo daga wannan abu lissafinsu fiye da casa'in cikin dari na dukkanin sunadaran. A mafi muhimmanci fili a wadda hydrogen ne ba, - da wannan ruwa. Its sinadaran dabara aka rubuta kamar: H2O. A hydrogen zarra ne guda proton tsakiya wakiltar, kuma daya electron. Shi ne kadai kashi cewa shi ne mai combustible gas.

Kamar yadda shi ne mai hydrogen zarra a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur?

Wannan kashi ne located a saman na farko da kungiyar. Wannan ne yake aikata dalilin cewa hydrogen zarra rasa ta electron, forming wani m ion da guda cajin. Duk da haka, hydrogen iya saya da ƙarfe Properties karkashin wani yanayi. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, yana daukan kawai Properties muhimmi a ba-karafa. Hydrogen yana da muhimmanci bambance-bambance daga cikin sauran abubuwa na zuwa na farko da kungiyar.

Yadda za a samar da hydrogen a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje?

Hydrogen za a iya samu ta hanyar da mataki na acid a kan karafa nekontsentrirorvannyh: Zn (tutiya m) + 2HCl (mai ruwa-ruwa hydrochloric acid bayani) = ZnCl2 (ruwa-ruwa bayani na tutiya oxide) + H2 (gas)

Production na hydrogen ta wajen hydrolysis: 2H3O- + 2e- = H2 (gas) + 2H2O (ruwa).

Production na hydrogen ne yiwu via da mataki na Alkali a kan aluminum ko tutiya. Wadannan karafa iya amsa tare da mai ruwa-ruwa mafita na potassium hydroxide ko sodium hydroxide. Wannan samar hydrogen:
Zn (tutiya) + 2OH- + 2H2O = (Zn (OH) 4) 2- (tetragidroksotsinkat ion)) + H2 (gas)
Al (aluminum) + 2OH- + 6H2O = (Al (OH) 4) - (tetragidroksoalyuminat ion) + H2 (gas).

Har ila yau, aiki sinadari za a iya samu ta hanyar hydrolysis na ruwa-ruwa mafita daga: CaH2 (alli hydride) + 2H2O (ruwa) = Ca (OH) 2 (alli hydroxide) + 2H2 (hydrogen).

hydrogen isotopes

Akwai uku isotopic siffofin da sinadari: A'a, deuterium da tritium. A cikin halitta hydrogen ƙunshi game da 99% idan aka kwatanta da, da sauran dama a kan yawan rabo na deuterium. Na uku shi ne wani rediyoaktif isotope ne m isotope. A saboda wannan dalili, a yanayi shi ne samuwa ne kawai a alamarsu yawa. Tritium fitarda rediyoaktif gaɓũɓuwa, kuma ta rabin rayuwa ne 12,3 shekaru.

Isotopic siffofin hydrogen da kusan m sinadaran Properties, amma sun bambanta da muhimmanci a jiki. Ga kowane akwai hydrogen bonding deuterium analog. A mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu - shi ne deuterium oxide (ko nauyi ruwa). Wannan abu da aka yi amfani da makaman nukiliya nukiliya. Sami shi da da electrolysis na ruwa.

Chemical Properties na hydrogen

An fito da sinadaran lamba kashi iya mai da nonmetals na kungiyoyin 4-7, oxides kuma Organic unsaturated fili zuwa oxidize karafa, game da shi, kafa hydride.

mahadi hydrogen

Wannan ionic da covalent hadaddun hydrides da hydrides kamar intercalation mahadi.

hydrogen

- Bora tsari.

- daga iskar gas ko naphtha (naphtha).

- ta hanyar fatattaka da kuma Gyara na hydrocarbons.

- ta hanyar electrolysis na brine (Ina nufin, mai ruwa-ruwa sodium chloride bayani).

A hydrogen zarra a cikin jimla makanikai

Hydrogen zarra ne mai muhimmanci a cikin jimla makanikai, saboda yana da wani nazari kimanin ko daidai darajar da biyu jikinsu yana da matsala. Wadannan mafita za a iya amfani da daban-daban isotopes na hydrogen, amma da ya dace gyara. A hydrogen zarra a cikin jimla makanikai da aka bayyana ta da kalaman aiki na biyu-barbashi. Har ila yau, an dauke a matsayin ba musharaka a cikin motsi na wani electron a wani electrostatic filin na nukiliya nauyi tsakiya.

Hydrogen zarra Bohr

A 1913, Bor Nils samarwa da model na hydrogen zarra. Yana yana da yawa simplifications kuma balanci zato. Duk da cewa tsarin ya ba quite daidai, Bohr samu daga barinta, kuma watsi bakan kasance daidai dabi'u na makamashi matakan na zarra.