Autecology - shi ne cewa kimiyya?

Daga lokacin da a 1866 da Jamus halitta Ernest Haeckal , karatu da dangantakar dake tsakanin kwayoyin da yanayi, da ilmi a cikin wannan filin ya kumbura da yawa (1834-1919), ya gabatar da ra'ayi na kimiyya terminology na da lafiyar qasa a matsayin kimiyya. Fito a matsayin mai zaman kanta reshe na ilimi a cikin XX karni, shi a hankali ya zo da cin gaban daban-daban specializations da kasafi na more takamaiman muhalli kwatance.

A wannan halin da ake ciki, da manufar gargajiya da lafiyar qasa, ta kuriyar - da nazarin halittu yanayi - rasa a da dama sunayen da sharuddan, haddasa rikice. Don systematize da ilmi ga kowa da kokarin fara sashe karatu hulda da daya kwayoyin da yanayi (autecology). Yana dama cikin sharuddan kasafi na uku da manyan trends a kimiyya: nazarin biosphere matsayin dukan, mutum alƙarya da kuma, a karshe, da takamaiman nau'in.

An bayyani na Concepts

Lafiyar Qasa matsayin kimiyya game da hulda da kwayoyin da kuma yanayi ya dade da aka raba da yawa m rassan. Wasu da aka kafa a jamsin tare da wasu ilimi. An ware gungu kamar: m da kuma zamantakewa da lafiyar qasa, ilmin lissafi, da kuma sauran geo-da lafiyar qasa. A gargajiya ɓangare na sunan ne na kowa da shi ne wani reshe na ilmin halitta.

Bi da bi, da ainihin yanayi a cikin nazarin batun a matsayin dalilin da shan daban-daban na rarrabuwa:

• a kan manufa da zaman hulda da nazarin halittu abokai (autecology, synecology, yawan Kare Mahalli, eydekologiya).
• Systematics manufa taxonomic raka'a (da lafiyar qasa na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da fungi da sauransu).
• a kan tushen da mazauninsu (terrestrial da lafiyar qasa, teku).

A batun kwayoyin halitta wannan labarin - ne muhalli sassan: autecology, synecology, yawan da lafiyar qasa da eydekologiya.

Dalili na muhalli nagartacce

Autecology - wani tari na muhalli tarbiyya, wanda ke karanta hulda da yanayi na wasu iri wakilin kwayoyin. Wata kalma kafa daga Greek motoci - "kaina." A lokaci gabatar a 1896 da botanist daga Switzerland K. Schroeter.

Alal misali, ciliates takalma zaune a cikin wani musamman yanayi. Abin da ya faru a lokacin da ya canjãwa da kuma yadda shi zai shafi kwayoyin halittar? Babban Hanyar koyo, wanda yana amfani da autecology - shi ne mai da gwajin. Alal misali, da tasiri a kan yanayi infusorian hadawan abu da iskar shaka? Kuma abin da su ne iyaka dabi'u na acidity ba ya cutar da m ayyuka da kwayoyin?

Autecology binciko iyaka dabi'u na muhalli dalilai a kima da tasiri a kan al'ada aiki na halitta mai rai. A wadannan data shi ne tushen dukan tsarin na iyakar halatta yawa na abubuwa a kayyade da dorewa na abinci. Saboda haka, autecology - shi ne tushen data kasance muhalli nagartacce amfani a zamani lakabtawa.

Akwai aminci a lambobin

Yawan jama'a da lafiyar qasa (daga Girkanci Demos - "mutanen") - da hakan da matakin na kungiyar na tari muhalli tarbiyya. The abu na nazari a wannan sashe ne daga alƙarya kwayoyin a matsayin kama kungiyar, data kasance a cikin wani da aka ba yanayi. An sani cewa halittu masu rai ba rayuwa a cikin kadaici. Suna da kakkarfan da alaka da juna, a sauran kwayoyin da kuma muhalli.

Yana sharuddan ilimi, da dangantakar a cikin kungiyar da kuma yawan jama'a na daya jinsin canje-canje da hannu a yawan da lafiyar qasa. Saboda haka, ka'idar da iyakar halatta matsayin da muhalli matsayin kamata a yi la'akari a tare da "autecology - yawan Kare Mahalli". Bayani kimiyya gaba daya sauran database, da kuma mataimakin versa.

View - tsarin naúrar juyin halitta

Yau, mu ilmi daga yadda za a samar da guda tsarin rayuwa a duniya, don kara fadada ilimi halittar jini, Biochemistry, biophysics da sauran ilimomin da na karshe da suka gabata. A karin bayani da muka samu, da mafi Heart shi ya zama mai ra'ayi na jinsin matsayin wani rukuni na kwayoyin da suke da irin wannan a cikin wani yawan ãyõyi (daga morphological to kwayoyin) iya haifa nasu irin, da kuma mutane da suke zaune a wannan yanki. Saboda haka, akwai quite wani matashi tari na Sciences - eydekologiya (daga Girkanci eidos - "image" ko "view"). Ya ci gaba da ci gaba da kuma tara bincike tushe.

al'umma Lafiyar Qasa

Synecology (daga Girkanci zunubi - "tare") - wani tari na Sciences, wanda ya ɗauki totality of alƙarya da jinsuna daban da daban-daban din ya canza matsayin da. A da hulda da juna da kuma da muhalli dalilai. Synecology sosai a kusa da geo-da lafiyar qasa da qasa biocenoses. Wannan shi ne nonon cewa yana da most yawan intersections tare da m al'adu. Yana da wani ɓangare na da lafiyar qasa da makamashi a matsayin tsarin naúrar.

Ganin gargajiya kimiyya ne sau da yawa aka bayyana a cikin sharuddan na nazarin halittu kwayoyin halitta da kuma kungiyoyin da cewa sun samar da yanayi a, mun zo fahimtar interrelationships na dukan abubuwa masu rai da kuma sunadaren iya yadda ya hallaka wadannan dangantaka da kuma kiyaye su. Muhalli sani a za'a fadada ma'ana, inculcated daga yara, qara chances na rayuwa na bil'adama da kuma adana na biosphere na duniya a cikin zamani na dindindin irin.