Ernst Haeckel: ilimin lissafi, aikin kimiyya. Haeckel ya taimaka wajen ilmin halitta

Bayan ya ba da ransa ga nazarin yanayin rayuwa, Ernst Haeckel ya yi bincike da dama kuma yayi babban taimako ga kimiyya. More bayani a kan kimiyya da ayyukan da masanin kimiyyar ya gano daga baya a cikin wannan labarin.

Ernst Haeckel: Tarihi

Masanin Falsafa da kuma ɗan adam E. Haeckel an haife shi a Potsdam a 1834. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makaranta a Miesburg, ya yi nazarin ilimin kimiyya da kimiyya a Berlin, jami'o'in Würzburg. Ya kare takardunsa akan zoology a Jami'ar Jena. A shekara ta 1858 ya sami digiri na likita.

Ernst Haeckel ya nuna sha'awar abu mai mahimmanci a jikin kwayoyin halitta da ilimin halitta. A shekara ta 1859 ya ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Italiya, inda ya yi nazarin plankton, sponges, tsutsotsi, kuma ya gano sabon radiyo. Bayan dawowarsa, masanin kimiyya ya kasance mukamin farfesa, sannan kuma masanin farfesa a Jami'ar Jena kuma yana koyar da jiki.

Tun daga 1863 aiki na zamantakewa da kimiyya ya fara. Da ya yi magana game da Darwiniyanci, sakin 'buga ayyukansu, kirkiro kimiyya theories. A ƙarshen karni na XIX, mai bincike ya ci gaba da zuwa Masar, Algeria, tsibirin Madeira da Ceylon. Daga bisani ya yi tafiya a kan Siriya, Corsica, Tenerife, Norway, Gibraltar da sauran wurare, da nazarin fauna da yin zane.

A 1867, Ernst Haeckel ya auri Agnes Huschke. Suna da ɗa Walter, 'yar Emma da Elizabeth. Rashin mutuwar matarsa a shekara ta 1915 ya shafi lafiyar lafiyar masanin kimiyya. Ya mutu a Jamus ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1919.

Bincike da wallafe

Samun takardar likitan likita bai taba rinjayar aikin masana kimiyya ba. Yawancin binciken da ya yi da kuma ra'ayoyin duniya sunyi tasiri da sadarwa tare da Charles Darwin. Litattafan Ernst Haeckel sun fara bugawa tun 1866. Ayyukan farko shine ake kira "Kwayoyin halittar jiki". Bayan ɗan lokaci, an wallafa littafi mai suna "The Natural History of Peacekeeping", inda yake magana akan goyon bayan ka'idar juyin halitta.

A shekara ta 1866 ya kafa tsarin ingantacciyar ka'idar kwayoyin halitta da aka tsara shekaru da dama da suka wuce. A wannan batun, Ernst Haeckel yana gina ka'idar gastras, wanda ke bayanin asalin kwayoyin halittu daga kwayoyin unicellular. Wannan ya sa Haeckel ya sani a cikin masana kimiyya.

A shekara ta 1874 ne aka wallafa littafin "Anthropogeny, ko Tarihin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin ɗan Adam," inda ya bayyana ka'idarsa ta gaba game da kasancewar haɗin kai tsaye tsakanin biri da mutum.

Yayin da yake tafiya a Afirka da Asiya, ya rubuta ayyukan aiki akan jellyfish, kifi mai zurfi, masu radiyo, bayan haka ya ba da wani littafi mai suna "Physlogisty System" zuwa binciken wadannan kwayoyin. A cikin duka, Ernst Haeckel ya rubuta game da ayyukan 26, wasu daga cikinsu sun fassara cikin harshen Rashanci.

Janar ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta

Wani horo kuma, a yayin da Ernst Haeckel ya ci gaba da taimakawa, shi ne ilimin kimiyya. A cikin littafinsa na farko, The General Morphology of Organisms, masanin kimiyya ya gabatar da ka'idar da ake buƙatar raba shi a cikin ilimin halitta. A ra'ayinsa, hanyoyin da ke tattare da hulɗar dake tsakanin halittu masu rai da haɗin kai da yanayin su kasance batun batun binciken kimiyya da ake kira kimiyya.

Ernst Haeckel ya yi imanin cewa babban aikin wannan horo shi ne nazarin yanayin kwayoyin halitta da yanayi mara kyau na yanayi, wanda aka tilasta wa rayayyun halittu su daidaita. By inorganic halitta masanin kimiyya gane yanayin dalilai kamar haske, yanayi da wutar lantarki, danshi, zafi, da kuma abun da ke ciki na kasar gona da ruwa. Organic Haeckal hada da duk iri dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin.

Dokar Halitta

Bayanin ka'idar juyin halitta, Haeckel ya kafa doka, wanda ake kira Haeckel-Muller. Ya dogara ne a kan zato cewa a lokacin da ci gaban da mutum kwayoyin maimata da ita ta samar da main matakai na ta ci gaba. Wato, idan aka lura da ci gaban amfrayo, wanda zai iya gano yadda tsarin halitta ya kasance.

A karo na farko Charles Darwin ya gabatar da wannan tunanin a cikin littafin "asalin halittu", amma ba a bayyana ba. A shekara ta 1864, Fritz Muller, a cikin littafinsa Darwin, ya bayyana cewa ci gaban tarihi na jinsuna yana nunawa a ci gaban mutum. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Haeckel, bisa ga binciken kansa, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wadannan tunanin a ƙarƙashin sunan kwayoyin halitta.

Ana yin amfani da doka a matsayin shaida na ka'idar Darwin, ko da yake a halin yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da zasu iya hana kuskurensa. Alal misali, a farkon matakan, ci gaba da ƙwayoyi ba iri daya ba. Ana lura da daidaitattun abubuwa kawai a baya.

Ka'idar gastres

A bisa ka'idar kwayoyin halitta, Ernst Heinrich Haeckel ya haifar da ka'idar da ke bayanin asalin kwayoyin halittu daga kwayoyin halitta. A ra'ayinsa, nau'in halitta na farko yayi kama da siffofi irin na dutse - nau'in embryonic dake kunshe da wani ɓangaren ƙwayoyin waje da ciki.

Bisa ga ka'idar, kwayar halitta ba ta da kwayar halitta ta fara rabuwa, inda 'yar yarinya ba ta juyawa ba, amma sun samo guntu. Daga bisani, sai suka fara bambanta a cikin aiki da siffofi na al'ada - wasu alhakin motsi, wasu don narkewa. Sabili da haka, bisa ga ka'idar Haeckel, an kafa kwayoyin halitta mai yawa, wadda ake kira gastrea. Ya tunatar da dabbobin da suka hada da dabbobi.

Kammalawa

A lokacin rayuwarsa, Ernst Heinrich Haeckel ya wallafa ayyukan da yawa, ya gabatar da ka'idodin ilimin kimiyya, ilimin ilimin halitta, jinsin jini da kuma ilimin jiki a cikin kimiyya. Binciken dabba na dabba na duniya a cikin fassarori, ya gano fiye da nau'in nau'i na rediyo. Haeckel yana daya daga cikin masu zoologists a Jamus don shiga ka'idar Darwin. Tallafa da ka'idar juyin halitta a cikin karatu, ya aka kokarin sanin da daula na dabba tsarin, tsara da biogenetic dokar da ka'idar asalin kwayar kwayoyin.