Carbide: tsari, aikace-aikacen da kaddarorin

An san abubuwa masu yawa a cikin duniya: game da daruruwan miliyoyin. Kuma dukansu, kamar mutane, mutane ne. Ba za ka iya samun abubuwa biyu da suke da irin wannan sinadarai da kuma kayan jiki ba don abubuwa daban-daban.

Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da ban sha'awa a cikin duniya shine carbides. A cikin wannan labarin, zamu tattauna batun su, kayan jiki da sunadarai, aikace-aikace da kuma nazarin cikakkun bayanai game da samar da su. Amma na farko, kadan game da tarihin gano.

Tarihi

Hannun kamfanonin, nau'o'in abin da zamu bada a kasa, ba mahadi ne ba. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa sunadaran su suna yatsuwa lokacin da suke hulɗa da ruwa. Saboda haka, a nan yana da daraja magana game da ƙoƙari na farko don haɗawa da carbides.

Tun daga shekara ta 1849, akwai alamun da ake kira silicon carbide, amma wasu daga cikin wadannan ƙoƙarin sun kasance ba a san su ba. Yawancin samfurori ya fara a shekara ta 1893 da masanin ilimin likitancin kasar, Edward Acheson, a hanyar da aka kira shi daga bisani.

Tarihin kira na allurar ma'adinai kuma ba mabanbanta bane. A shekara ta 1862, ya sami likitan Jamus, Friedrich Wöhler, zinc da zinc da calcium tare da mur.

Yanzu bari mu matsa zuwa sassa masu ban sha'awa: sunadarai da kayan jiki. Bayan haka, sune ainihin aikace-aikace na wannan nau'i na abubuwa.

Kayan jiki

Babu shakka dukkanin kamfanonin suna bambanta da wuya. Alal misali, daya daga cikin daskararru a cikin Mohs sikelin ne tungsten carbide (9 daga 10 yiwu maki). Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan abubuwa suna da banbanci: maɓallin narkewar wasu daga cikinsu ya kai digiri biyu.

Yawancin yawancin carbides suna da inganci kuma suna hulɗa da ƙananan abubuwa. Ba su da soluble a cikin duk wani ƙarfi. Duk da haka, ana iya ɗaukar hulɗa da ruwa a matsayin rushewa, tare da lalata shaidu da kuma samar da hydroxide na karfe da hydrocarbon.

Za'a tattauna batun karshe da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi sinadarai mai ban sha'awa da suka shafi carbides a sashe na gaba.

Chemical Properties

Kusan dukan carbides amsa da ruwa. Wasu - sauƙi, kuma ba tare da dumama (misali, alli carbide), da kuma wasu (msl, Karbid Kremniya) - ruwa tururi a lokacin da mai tsanani zuwa 1800 digiri. Rashin hankali a cikin wannan yanayin ya dogara da irin haɗin da ke cikin gidan, wanda zamu tattauna game da baya. A lokacin da aka yi da ruwa, an kafa wasu hydrocarbons daban-daban. Wannan yana faruwa saboda hydrogen da ke cikin ruwa an haɗa shi da carbon a cikin carbide. Don fahimtar irin nau'in hydrocarbon da aka samo (ko duka mai iyakancewa da wanda ba a iya samun shi ba), wanda zai iya ci gaba daga ƙananan ƙwayar carbon wanda yake cikin abu na farko. Alal misali, idan muka yi wani alli carbide, wanda dabara ne CAC _2, za mu ga cewa shi yana dauke da C ₂ ^2- ion. Wannan yana nufin cewa ions biyu na hydrogen tare da cajin + za a iya haɗuwa da ita. Saboda haka, da muka samu da fili C ₂ H ₂ - acetylene. A wannan hanya daga wani fili kamar aluminum carbide, wanda dabara Al ₄ C _3, mun CH _4. Me ya sa ba C ₃ H _12, ku tambaye? Bayan haka, ion yana da cajin 12-. Gaskiyar ita ce, yawan adadin halittu na hydrogen an ƙaddara ta hanyar 2n + 2, inda n shine adadin ƙwayar carbon. Saboda haka, kawai wani fili daga cikin dabara C ₃ H ₈ (propane) na iya zama a matsayin ion tare da cajin 12 faduwa cikin uku ion tare da cajin 4, wanda nuna, a lokacin da a hade tare da protons methane kwayoyin.

Abin sha'awa shine halayen hakowan abu na carbides. Za su iya faruwa duka ƙarƙashin rinjayar haɗuwa masu ƙarfi na oxidants, kuma a cikin ƙananan haɗari a yanayin iska. Idan tare da oxygen duk abin da yake bayyane: ana samun oxides guda biyu, to, tare da wasu oxidizers yana da ban sha'awa. Duk abin ya dogara ne da irin karfe wanda ya kasance sashi na carbide, har ma a yanayin yanayin mahayin. Alal misali, Karbid Kremniya, wanda dabara SiC, ta maida martani tare da cakuda nitric da hydrofluoric acid, Forms hexafluorosilicic acid tare da carbon dioxide. Kuma a lokacin wannan dauki amma da kawai daya daga nitric acid, za mu samu wani silicon oxide da carbon dioxide. Oxidizers na iya hada halogens da chalcogenes. Tare da su, duk wani motsi yana hulɗar, ma'anar amsawa ya dogara ne kawai akan tsari.

Abubuwan da ke dauke da kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda zamuyi la'akari da su, ba ma kawai wakilan wannan kungiya ba ne. Yanzu za mu dubi kowane muhimmin haɗin aikin masana'antu da wannan kundin sannan muyi magana game da aikace-aikace a rayuwarmu.

Menene carbides?

Sai dai itace, carbide, wanda dabara ne, misali, CAC _2, ya bambanta muhimmanci a cikin tsarin daga SiC. Kuma bambanci shine mahimmanci a cikin yanayin haɗin tsakanin halittu. A cikin akwati na farko, muna aiki ne da gishiri mai kama da gishiri. Wannan labaran mahadi suna mai suna don haka yana nuna gaskiyar gishiri, wato, yana iya rarraba cikin ions. Irin wannan dangantaka mai karfi ne mai rauni, wanda ya sa ya sauƙi don aiwatar da aikin hawan gwiwar jini da kuma wasu canje-canje da suka hada da dangantaka tsakanin ions.

Wata alama mafi mahimmanci irin carbide shine covalent carbides: kamar, misali, SiC ko WC. Suna halin da yawa da karfi. Har ila yau, da kyakyawa da inert don maganin sunadarai.

Har ila yau, akwai kamfanoni masu kama da nau'i-nau'i. Za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin allo na karafa da carbon. Daga cikin wadannan za a iya gano, msl, cementite (iron carbide, wanda dabara iya zama daban-daban, amma shi ne kamar talakawan: Fe ₃ C), ko kuwa baƙin ƙarfe. Suna da aikin sinadaran, matsakaici a cikin digiri tsakanin magungunan ionic da covalent.

Kowane daga cikin wadannan nau'o'i na jinsin sinadaran da muke magana akan shi yana da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace. Game da yadda kuma inda kowannensu ya shafi, zamu magana a sashe na gaba.

Kyakkyawan aikace-aikace na carbides

Kamar yadda muka riga muka tattauna, haɗin gwiwar haɗari suna da mafi yawan hanyoyin aikace-aikace. Wadannan sun hada da abrasive da kayan yankan, da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da shi a wasu fannoni (alal misali, ɗaya daga cikin kayan da aka haɗa da kayan aikin jiki), da sassa na mota, na'urorin lantarki, abubuwa masu zafi, da makamashin nukiliya. Kuma wannan ba cikakken lissafin aikace-aikacen wadannan kamfanonin ba.

An yi amfani da mafi ƙanƙancin ƙuƙwalwar ƙwayoyin gishiri. Ana amfani da su tare da ruwa a matsayin hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje don samun samfurori. Ta yaya wannan ya faru, mun riga mun haɗu a sama.

Tare da covalent, kamfanoni-kamar carbides suna da aikace-aikace mafi girma a masana'antu. Kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, irin wannan nau'in mahaɗan da muke magana game da shi shine turbaya, simintin gyare-gyare da wasu magunguna na karafa da impregnations. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, irin karfe da ke ƙunshe a cikin waɗannan abubuwa yana da nau'i na ƙwayoyin d. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi kokarin ba da kariya ba, amma kamar yadda za a shiga cikin tsarin karfe.

A cikin ra'ayi, akwai aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace fiye da isa ga mahadi da aka ambata. Yanzu bari mu dubi tsarin samun su.

Samar da carbides

Na farko nau'o'i biyu na carbides da muka yi la'akari, wato covalent da gishiri, an samo su da sauƙi sau ɗaya: ta hanyar amsawar oxide da kuma coke a high zazzabi. A lokaci guda kuma, wani ɓangare na coke wanda ke kunshe da carbon an hade tare da nau'in atom a cikin kwayoyin oxyde da siffofin carbide. Sauran bangare "daukan" oxygen da siffofin carbon monoxide. Wannan hanya tana da ƙarfin makamashi, tun da yake yana buƙatar rike babban zazzabi (game da digiri 1600-2500) a cikin sashi.

Don samun wasu nau'in mahadi, ana amfani da halayen haɓaka. Alal misali, ƙaddamarwa daga fili, wanda ya ba da kyauta. Ma'anar wannan tsari ya dogara ne akan ƙananan fili, don haka ba zamu tattauna ba.

Kafin mu gama labarin mu, za mu tattauna wasu ɗayan shafuka masu ban sha'awa kuma muyi magana game da su a cikin daki-daki.

Masu mahaɗi masu sha'awa

Sodium carbide. Da dabara na fili C ₂ Na _2. Wannan zai iya wakilci a matsayin acetylide (wato, samfur na canzawa a cikin hydrogen atoms a acetylene don atomatik sodium), kuma ba carbide. Dabarar sunadarai ba suyi cikakken tunani akan wadannan hanyoyi ba, don haka dole ne a nemi su cikin tsari. Wannan abu ne mai mahimmanci, kuma, a kowane irin hulɗa da ruwa, yana haɗuwa da shi don samar da acetylene da alkali.

Magnesium carbide. Formula: MgC _2. Hanyar samun wannan isasshen aiki a fili suna da ban sha'awa. Daya daga cikin su yana nuna fatar jiki na magnesium fluoride tare da allurar carci a high zafin jiki. A sakamakon haka, ana samun samfurori biyu: calcium fluoride da carbide muna buƙata. Ma'anar wannan aikin shine mai sauƙi, kuma zaka iya, idan kana son, karanta shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe na musamman.

Idan ba ku da tabbacin amfani da kayan cikin labarin, to, sashe na gaba shine a gareku.

Yaya wannan zai zama da amfani a rayuwa?

To, na farko, ilimin magungunan sinadarai ba zai taba zama m. Yana da kyau mafi mahimmanci don yin makamai da ilimi fiye da zama ba tare da shi ba. Abu na biyu, da karin sani game da wanzuwar wasu mahaukaci, mafi mahimmanci ka fahimci tsarin da suka samu da kuma dokokin da zasu ba su damar wanzu.

Kafin in kawo karshen, Ina so in bada wasu shawarwari game da binciken wannan abu.

Yadda za a yi nazarin wannan?

Yana da sauqi. Wannan kawai wani ɓangare na ilmin sunadarai. Kuma ya kamata ayi binciken bisa ga litattafai na ilmin sunadarai. Fara da bayanan makaranta kuma ci gaba zuwa zurfin zurfi, daga litattafan jami'a da littattafai masu mahimmanci.

Kammalawa

Wannan batu ba shine mai sauƙi ba kuma mai dadi kamar yadda yake kallon farko. Ilimin kimiyya zai iya zama mai ban sha'awa idan kun sami burin ku a ciki.