A ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu

Ko a farkon sau an lura zafi rarraba juna: zãfi iya spontaneously matsawa daga mai tsanani jiki a wata babbar zazzabi zuwa kasa mai tsanani. Na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics, wanda ya bayyana wannan tsari da aka gano ta experimentation. A karo na farko shi ne kayyade a cikin 1824 S. Carnot, a Bafaranshen, wanda ya gano yadda kuma a karkashin abin da yanayi da wuta ya wuce zuwa amfani aiki a cikin inji da lokaci. A tsakiyar karni XIX a kan tushen da Jamus masanin kimiyya Rudolf Clausius tsara mulkin, wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu. Its ainihi shi ne cewa da zafi ba ke zuwa a mafi tsanani jiki daga kasa mai tsanani spontaneously, watau da canja wurin da zafi ga jiki tare da babbar zazzabi dole ne a cika ta da wani waje da samar da lantarki. A matsayin misali, refrigeration tsarin. Daga baya, William Thomson da kuma wasu sauran masana kimiyya ya bayyana da wording na shari'a.

Wannan ka'ida ya kamata a fahimci ko da more tartsatsi fiye da a lura da Rudolf Clausius. Dauki, misali, da hira aiki a cikin zãfi. Yana za a iya samar da gogayya da karfi. Lokacin da wannan aikin da aka fassara a cikin zafin rana gaba daya, ba tare da dukan karin qoqarinsu da kuma diyya. Reconversion a kanta ba zai yiwu ba. A hira da sakamakon zafi a cikin aikin - shi ne wani wucin gadi tsari, watau, bukata musamman, artificially shirya yanayi.

A general, na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics, tsara ka'idojin da kuma shugabanci na kwarara daga halitta tafiyar matakai. A ci gaba daga gare shi, za a iya bayyana ta da aiki da wani yawan na'urorin. Saboda haka, zafi injuna aiki da zafin jiki da bambanci da wadda kadan da aka canjawa wuri daga zafi da sanyi sassa - daga teplootdatchika da zafi kwatami. A wannan yanayin, yadda ya dace da na'urar ba zai iya zama daya da ɗari bisa dari. Wancan ne, ba duka na zafi ne tuba a cikin aikin, amma kawai na shi. Wannan na iya partially bayyana cewa don ƙirƙirar wani tutur motsi inji (na biyu-order) ne bisa manufa ba zai yiwu ba. A wasu kalmomin, ba ƙirƙira na'urar da cewa zai bi sakamakonsa, kuma ba tare da wani ramuwa juya zafi a cikin aikin. Bisa ga sama, masana kimiyya R. Clausius da kuma W. Thompson gano da halitta na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics. Da fari dai, spontaneously zafi ba zai iya motsawa daga kasa zafi don warmer jikinsu. abu na biyu, ba duk da zafi directed daga teplootdatchika da zafi kwatami, da ke shiga amfani aiki, amma a maimakon haka kawai wani rabo daga gare shi. Akwai ma da dama irin wannan formulations, wanda kullum ne a gani na sama. Za daga teploperedatchika da zafi kwatami, da samar da makamashi ba bace, don haka shari'ar kiyayewa total makamashi ba saba wa ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu. Ma'ana shi da aka ɓullo da dama da masana kimiyya da kuma kunshi dama babban maki, wanda aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin.

Matakai da lãbãri a gare makamashi hira, za a iya spontaneously daga ƙarƙashinsu kawai a yanayin idan makamashi na dabzar form a Tarwatsa wuce. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci damar iya yin komai muhimmi da mutane da kuma cikin Muciya, al'amarin - ikon runtse entropy. A karshen lokaci yana nufin da rabo daga cikin adadin zafi zuwa da zazzabi darajar, wani irin ma'auni na hargitsi da ake dangantawa da asarar da ikon da wani tsarin yin wani takamaiman aiki. a lokacin da canza girma daga cikin tsarin ko ta makamashi entropy rage-rage.

A 1865, R. Clausius karshe tsara na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics. Tabarbarewa, ta hanyar da definition, aka ƙara a lokacin da rufaffiyar tsarin nonequilibrium faruwa kwatsam tafiyar matakai.

A ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu qarqashinsu ake kira manufa na muhalli pyramids. Bugu da kari, ya - tushen Attaura Lindemann, wanda ya bayyana da ka'idodin wurare dabam dabam na makamashi a cikin yanayin kasa. Ya nuna wa daya-pointedness (transience) abin da ke faruwa a cikin yanayin maras wata-wata matakai. A daidai da shi, da samar da makamashi ne tuba zuwa cikin zafin rana da kuma zafin rana da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga mai sanyaya daga wani mai tsanani jiki, wadda take kaiwa zuwa equalization na zazzabi a wani low matakin, da sakamako daga abin da yake a daina dukan siffofin na motsi, ko da kamar. N. "Heat mutuwa". Idan ya yi magana bayyanannu, kuma da sauki harshe, jigon da ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu ita ce: duk maras wata-wata, na halitta matakai na kawo karshen hargitsi da kuma rage daraja. Wannan za a iya kwatanta ta da wadannan misali: idan gidan shekaru da yawa da su bar ba tare da wata rundunar, shi zai fara hankali da samun koma baya, auka.