Mene ne ƙarshen rushewa a Rasha?

Yaren harshen Rasha, sananne ya ce - mafi arziki da kuma mafi kyau, amma a lokaci guda mafi wuya a duniya. Babu wani harshe na duniyar da akwai irin adadi da yawa da kuma banbanci, kuma babu wani daga cikinsu da zai iya yin alfahari da irin wadannan nau'o'in kalmomi ba kawai ba amma kuma siffofin su wanda za'a iya kafa idan, misali, an ƙi sunan ta wurin shari'ar, Ko kuma don jigilar kalmomi. Musamman mahimmanci ne ta hanyar kammala karatun, saboda suna ɗaure dukkan kalmomi a cikin jumla cikin guda ɗaya. Har ila yau, ana iya haifar da matsaloli ta hanyar ma'anar ɓangaren zero. Ƙarin bayani, za mu yi ƙoƙari mu gano abin da ƙarshen ƙare yake cikin wannan labarin.

Mene ne ƙarshen?

Ƙarshe yana ɗaya daga cikin morphemes, wanda ke nuna dangantakar wannan kalma tare da wasu kalmomi a cikin jumla daya ko cikin jumla. Ƙarshen ya fi sau da yawa a ƙarshen jumla, amma akwai wasu ban. Za mu taba su daga baya. Ƙarshen, ba kamar sauran ƙa'idodi ba, bazai shafar ma'anar kalma ba, tun da ba su da gine-gine. Yana godiya gare shi cewa zaka iya ƙayyade jinsi, jigilar, lambar da fuska na kalma. Alal misali, a cikin kalmar "nahiyar" ƙarshen -a yana nuna cewa kalmar da aka ba da shi a cikin maɗaukaki, kwayoyin halitta da namiji, kuma a cikin kalmar "tunanin" ƙarshen ya ce wannan mutum na uku ya yi gini.

Sakamakon lokacin da ƙarewa ba a ƙarshen kalma ba

A ƙayyade ƙarshen, wasu mutane suna da matsala, saboda sun tabbata cewa dole ne a kasance a ƙarshen kalma. Cases wanda ƙarshen zai iya zama a tsakiyar kalma:

• Idan akwai rubutun kalmomi a cikin kalmar, ƙarshen zai kasance a gaban shi. Alal misali: cire, WHOM, ko wani abu, wani abu, tafi.

• A cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙimar, ƙarshen yana samuwa a tsakiya tsakanin kalma kuma a karshen, wato, ƙarshen zai kasance bayan kowane tushe. Alal misali: biyartyt, goma sha huɗu. Amma ba gauraye manyan lambobi da kuma ordinal lambobi ko manufofi da cewa an kafa daga gare su. Alal misali: hamsin hamsin, ɗari huɗu, talatin da biyar, takwas-storey, shekaru uku, na farko, guda bakwai.

Ma'anar grammatical na ƙarshen

Ƙarshen abu ne mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda suke shafar ma'anar ma'anar kalmar nan da dukan jumlar. Bayan haka, wasu lokuta yana da sauƙi don gano baƙi daga cikin taron jama'a daidai saboda ana amfani da su da kyau ta hanyar amfani da maganganun kalmomi.

Duk ƙarewa a cikin kalmomi na iya nuna alamar abubuwan da ake biyo baya:

• lambar, jinsi da harka a wadannan sassa na magana kamar wani suna (misali: zane - ƙare -o ce da kalma a cikin nominative harka, duk da haka shi ne a cikin mufuradi da neuter). Adjective (alal misali: zane mai tsabta-ƙarewa -e na nuna alamar guda, tsinkayyar tsakiya da kuma karamin jigilar); Shiga (alal misali: zane mai wanke - ƙarewa - yana kuma cewa muna da kalma a cikin maɗaukaki, a cikin wanda aka zaɓa da kuma na tsakiya); Wasu kalmomin (alal misali: zane-zanenku -n ma yana nuna kalma a cikin maɗauri, mai nunawa da tsakiya) da wasu ƙididdiga (misali: daya zane-zane - yana nuna kalma ɗaya a tsakiyar jinsi da a cikin akwati na zaɓen) ;

• kawai shari'ar wasu kalmomi (alal misali: babu wani abu - maganganun da ya ƙare-na magana game da kwayoyin halitta) da kuma ɓangare na ƙididdiga (babu bakwai - ƙarshen - kuma ya ce kalmar da aka ba da ita ta kasance a cikin kwayar halitta);

• kawai mutane da lambobin lambobi a nan gaba da kuma halin yanzu (alal misali: Na rubuto - kalma na mutum na farko shi ne na musamman);

• kawai lambobi da jigon kalmomi a cikin tsohuwar daɗaɗɗa (misali: yayi magana - kalma na jinsi na mace da na ɗayantaka).

Mene ne ƙarshen null?

Har ila yau, wasu matsaloli zasu iya tashi lokacin da aka yanke shawarar ƙarewa, idan babu siffar. Domin yakamata gane shi cikin kalma, dole ne a fahimci abin da zero ya ƙare. Maganganu da irin waɗannan maganganu suna rikicewa da kalmomi ba tare da wata ƙarewa ba.

A sifili karshen kalmar - ne ƙarewa, wanda ba a bayyana, a wani haruffa ko sautuna. Duk da cewa irin wannan kyauta ba a bayyana ta jiki ba ne a kowace hanya, lokacin da nazarin tsarin tsarin halittar kwayoyin kalma, dole ne a sanya shi a matsayin zaki mai banƙyama.

Nau'in kalmomin da ba kome ba

Waɗannan kalmomi iri-iri suna da ƙananan ƙare a Rasha:

• sunaye na farko mutum a cikin genitive da jam'i fuska. Alal misali: tsuntsaye, hatimi , shanu, petsØ.

• Adjectives masu dacewa, da kuma ƙira a cikin nau'i na nau'i na nau'in namiji guda ɗaya, misali: ganowa, mutum, tayarwa, kyakkyawa, tsare, makamai.

• Tsarin iyakar namiji na nau'i na nau'i na biyu, kazalika da jinsi na mata a cikin kashi uku. Alal misali: zane, motsa jiki, ji, tanda, magana, daren.

• Maganganu masu mahimmanci a cikin nau'i na namiji guda. Alal misali: iyaye Ø, mamamin, saniya, Ø, foxia, Serezhin.

• Verbs na mutum ɗaya a cikin yanayi mai muhimmanci. Alal misali: koya, duba, taimako, fassara, tambaya.

• Verbs a cikin yanayin da ke nunawa da nuna alama a cikin namijin namiji a cikin tsohuwar jinsi da kuma gaban gabanin guda ɗaya. Alal misali: ce - zai ce, zai saurari - zai saurari, zai zabe - zai zabe, zai yi tambaya - zai tambayi.

Sau da yawa, a lokacin da morphological bincike na mutane gauraye kalma da sifili kawo karshen tare da kalmomi, wanda kullum da babu endings. Don gane duk bambance-bambance, bari muyi la'akari da wace kalmomi ba su da iyaka.

Maganar da ba ta ƙare ba

Ƙarshen ba shi da irin waɗannan kalmomin da ba a iya faɗi ba kuma kungiyoyin kalmomi:

• alal misali, taksi, kofi, mota, gashi;

• adjectives wanda ba a sani ba, alal misali: yankuna, khaki, marengo, net, Baroque, Esperanto, sunyi ta;

• Magana mai mahimmanci wanda ya nuna kasancewa ga wani ɓangare na uku, misali: su, ta, shi;

• duk maganganu, tun da adverb wani ɓangare ne na banza magana kuma ta ma'anar ba ta da ƙarewa, misali: mummunan, baƙin ciki, sananne, m, rikice, canza launin, canzawa;

• kalmomi a cikin hanyar kwatanta, alal misali: mafi karfi, mai kyau, sauri, bayyane, mafi kyau, damuwa, mai girma;

• duk maganganu, tun da yake wannan bangare na magana ya ɗauki rashin kuskure daga adverb kuma, kamar adverb, ba zai iya ƙarewa ba, alal misali: karatun, wankewa, fahimta, karatu, tunawa, haddacewa, nazari, fahimta;

• duk sassan sabis na magana, misali: zuwa, idan, a'a, ba, ba kawai, amma, mai wuya, kawai, ba tare da, a kan, a karkashin, a;

• haɗuwa, misali: da kyau, eh, a, iyaye, uh, ah, slap, bah-bah, wancan ne lokutan;

• ainihin nau'i na kalma a cikin yanayin cewa - da kuma - an gane shi a matsayin ma'auni, misali: cin abinci, karɓa, ji, fahimta, girmamawa, fuskantar, aiki.

Bugu da ƙari, kada a bari a cikin wasiƙar don nazarin halittu don yin amfani da kalma ba tare da komai ba. Wata doka zata iya taimaka maka sauƙin gane kalmomi ba tare da ƙare daga baƙi ba. Maganganu ba tare da iyakancewa ba mawuyaci ne, ba kamar kalmomi ba tare da ƙare ba.

Yadda za a ƙayyade ƙarshen?

Don ƙayyadewa a kowace kalma ƙarshen, ya isa kawai don lalata shi ta hanyar kara. Wannan ɓangaren kalma wanda zai canza shine abin da yake. Yana da sauƙi a gane ƙananan ƙare. Misalai na kalmomi tare da irin wannan ƙare, da kalmomin da ba su wanzu ba, an gabatar su a cikin tebur mai zuwa:

A cikin wannan misali, yana iya fahimtar yadda sauƙi zai yiwu a ayyana kalma da aka ba da kalmomi. Tun da kalmar "pleated" ba a jingina a lokuta, wannan kalma ba tare da kawo karshen, da kuma a cikin "madubai" da kalmar wakilta wani tushen da kuma a sifili ƙarewa, domin shi ne mai suna a cikin jam'i da kuma genitive.

Morphemes da abin da zero yake kawowa tare

A mafi yawan misalan da aka bincika, kalmomi da tushensu da kuma ƙare mara amfani suna amfani da su a mafi yawan lokuta. Da irin wannan karshen, dukkanin sauran nau'o'in halittu zasu iya hade. Alal misali, kalmomin da suke da prefix, tushe, ƙananan ƙarewa: labarin, miƙa mulki, tashi, fita, iyo. Har ila yau akwai kalmomi, a cikin nazarin morphemic wanda zaka iya ganin prefix, tushe, suffix da zero ƙarewa. Alal misali: matashi, sanya shi, ya annabta shi, kaddamar da shi. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da kalmomin da aka sanya bayanan rubutu da ƙarancin ƙare a Rasha. Alal misali: nakrasilsya, tayi murna, zauna, taimako, tunanin, makamai.

Soft ãyã a morphemic analysis

Lura cewa alamar sakon ba zai iya zama ƙarshen kalma ba. Wannan alamar ba yana nufin wani sauti ba, amma kawai yana nuna fifitaccen mai amfani wanda yake tsaye a gabansa. Idan kalmar ta ƙare a cikin alamar laushi, to lallai ya kamata a ɗauka cewa yana da ƙare marar amfani. Duk da haka, wannan doka ba ta shafi kalmomin da ba za a iya canjawa ba. Alal misali, duk da cewa a cikin shiri na kawai a kashe a wani gallop zuwa karshen ne mai taushi ãyã, ba lallai ba ne su yi la'akari da wadannan kalmomi tare da sifilin ƙarewa. Ba su canzawa, kuma basu da iyaka ko kaɗan.

Morphemic binciken kalmomi

Ƙarshen ita ce kawai sashi marar faɗi a cikin kalmar. Duk sauran nau'o'in halittu sun hada da asali. A cikin yanayin bincike na morphemic, watakila watakila mafi sauki don gano ƙarshen kalmar, tun da yake ya isa ya canza kalmar kawai don wannan.

Ƙananan matsalolin da zasu iya tashi tare da cikakkiyar fassarar ƙarshen ƙarshen shine don rarrabe kalmomin da suke da ƙananan ƙare, da kuma kalmomi ba tare da ƙare ba. Tun a cikin wannan labarin an gano ma'anar abin da ba a kawo karshen ba, to, a cikin nazarin wannan kwayar halitta ba za ta yi wani matsala ba.