Interspecies gwagwarmaya: siffar da ma'anar

Me damunsa na takaici mutane? Bar kuma ci gaba da mutane da wasu mutane da kuma cire wasu, waxanda suke da kasa dace domin rayuwa a cikin wannan matsananci duniya. Wannan tsari shine ake kira wucin gadi selection , mai matukar muhimmanci wajen a lokacin da yana daukan wani mutum. Amma mu aiki a yau don Masana zabin halitta ', a maimakon haka, mu koyi cewa irin wannan interspecies gwagwarmaya.

ÃyõyinSa suke amfani da mutane, ba ko da yaushe dole da kuma muhimmancin da dabba. Nature, ma, shi ne iya ajiye wasu jinsunan da kuma wasu yunkura. Wannan tsari ne da aka sani da lokaci "zabin yanayi", da kuma interspecies fafitikar - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin kayayyakin aiki da wannan tsari. Wannan ne, dabbobi gasa ga abinci, da ruwa, ƙasa, da sauransu. Saboda haka akwai ci gaba jinsuna, su suna tilasta su daidaita da wasu dalilai, ko kuma kawai bace daga fuskar duniya.

Darwin

Domin da farko lokacin da Kalmar "interspecific gwagwarmaya" mun ji daga babban masanin kimiyya Charles Darwin. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da abin da ya nufi da kalmomin da ya ce. Darwin ya yi magana da gwagwarmayar zama a wani m da kuma zaurance. Hakika, da yawa jinsin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke ne kai tsaye dogara a kan juna, amma a zamanin da yunwa halittun fara don yin yaki domin albarkatun da damar su tsira, kuma ya mayar da zurriyarsu. Interspecies yaki ya auku tsakanin mutane daban-daban jinsunan (msl, zaki da kuma zebra, kurciya, kuma sparrow). A farko misali, zaki iya ci a zebra ice suka ji yunwa, a karo na biyu misali, mun gabatar iri biyu tsuntsaye cewa suna fada domin abinci da ƙasa.

Akwai misalai daga karkashin ruwa duniya, kazalika don abinci da kuma ƙasa suna fada da wasu daban na kifi. A mafi muhimmanci factor ga nasara - procreation. Wadanda kifi cewa spawn a mafi girma lambobi, jima ko daga baya ya zarce sauran.

gasar

Interspecies gwagwarmayar zama ne zuwa kashi biyu kungiyoyin:

• Competition.
• Direct yaki.

A farko nau'i ne jagorancin, a nan ne bayyananne musu tsakanin talikan, wanda idon musababin da juyin halitta. Interspecies gwagwarmaya, da Sanadin wanda za a iya raba wannan gasar a wannan nazarin halittu da bukatun da kuma yadda za su hadu, kuma ya kasu cikin:

• Trophic gasar.
• Topical.
• Haifuwa.

Nau'i na farko da aka nuna, idan kwayoyin suna fafitikar domin abinci, da hantsi, na gina jiki da kuma danshi. Alal misali, da yara da cewa ganima a wannan ƙasa, gasar da juna, tasowa. Bã su da m ji na wari, da gannanku, kara Gudun gudun.

Nau'i na biyu da aka nuna tsakanin kwayoyin idan sun kasance a cikin wannan yanayi da kuma fallasa su da m abiotic dalilai. Wannan view - da Babban dalilin yin adaptations rayuwa a cikin matalauta yanayi.

Haihuwa interspecies gwagwarmaya ne na kowa a tsire-tsire. Wadanda abubuwa da jawo hankalin da launi da kuma wari, da babban zarafi ga kwaro pollination.

mike yaki

Idan, yayin lokacin gasar kwayoyin zo a cikin rikici a kaikaice, watau ta hanyar biotic ko abiotic dalilai, da kai tsaye gwagwarmaya na daban-daban kai tsaye karo na mutane. Akwai da wadannan iri:

• Da yaki da biotic dalilai.
• Da yaki da abiotic dalilai.

Nau'i na farko ya shafi gwagwarmaya domin abinci, da kuma yiwuwar haifuwa, cewa kuma zuwa kashi trophic da kuma haihuwa. A cikin farko idan muna magana ne game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin shuke-shuke da herbivores, da yara, da ganima, da sauransu. Wannan irin shi ne mafi kowa a interspecies gwagwarmaya a intraspecific shi ne aka bayyana a cikin nau'i na cin naman mutane. A sakamakon haka, da tsire-tsire fara kare kansu tare da taimakon na ƙaya, guba gland da kuma kama. A dabbobi kuma samar tsaro sunadaran (azumi a guje, a Keen ji na wari da kuma gani, rike da wani boye salon ...), kuma idan muka yi magana game da yaki da microbes, na rigakafi da tsarin samar.

Nau'i na biyu za a iya lura a cikin tsuntsaye a lokacin da suka zo a cikin bude rikici da juna domin damar da asali a cikin wannan yankin da kuma samar da abinci ga 'ya'yansu.

Wani lokaci yana ba da sauki domin sanin gasar ko kai tsaye fama a tambaya. A bambanci tsakanin biyu Concepts ne sosai sosai wuya rike. Akwai daya key bambanci: a lokacin da gasar kwayoyin fafitikar vicariously da kuma a kai tsaye gwagwarmaya zo Grips tare da juna.

Kwaskwarima ga ka'idar Darwin

Mun sake nazari da iri interspecies gwagwarmaya, wanda suke kunshe a cikin total hadaddun na gwagwarmayar zama. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa Darwin ya bayar da mu tare da wannan tsari a sakamakon, ya sa ta rikitarwa tsakanin sha'awar Unlimited haifuwa da kuma iyakance albarkatu. Amma masana kimiyya karatu da ka'idar a nan gaba, ya yi gyara: gwagwarmayar sa ba kawai ta hanyar wata iyaka yanki ko rashin abinci, amma overly m da yara.