A takaice game da hadaddun: tsarin da electron bawo na atoms

Lardin sunadarai malami Dzhon Dalton a 1803 ya bude "The dokar mahara rabbai." Wannan ka'idar ya furta cewa, idan wani musamman sinadari na iya samar mahadi da sauran abubuwa, sai kowane ɓangare na talakawa za su fada da taro na wani abu, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin su zai zama iri ɗaya a matsayin cewa tsakanin kananan integers. Ya na farko ƙoƙarin bayyana hadaddun tsarin kwayoyin halitta. A 1808, wannan masanin kimiyyar, kokarin bayyana gano doka, nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta na daban-daban abubuwa iya daban-daban talakawa.

A farko model na zarra aka halitta a shekara ta 1904. A lantarki tsarin da zarra a cikin wannan model, masana kimiyya da ake kira "plum pudding". An yi imani da cewa zarra - a jiki tare da wani m cajin, wanda aka gaba ɗaya gauraye da aka gyara. Irin wannan ka'idar ba amsa tambaya na ko gyara na zarra a cikin motsi ko a sauran. Saboda haka, kusan lokaci guda tare da ka'idar "pudding" Japanese Nagaoka samarwa a ka'idar a cikin abin da tsarin da electron harsashi zarra kwatanta da hasken rana tsarin. Duk da haka, nufin cewa a lokacin da juyawa a kusa da zarra na da aka gyara kamata rasa ƙarfi, amma wannan ba ya dace da dokokin da electrodynamics, Vin ƙaryata planetary ka'idar.

Duk da haka, bayan da aka gano daga cikin electron , shi ya bayyana cewa tsarin da zarra ne mafi rikitarwa fiye da shi tunanin. Ina da tambaya: abin da yake wani electron? Yadda yake aiki? Akwai wasu subatomic barbashi?

By farkon karni na ashirin da aka karshe soma planetary ka'idar. Ya zama a sarari cewa kowane electron orbiting da tsakiya kamar taurari a kusa da rana, yana da yanayin.

Amma kara gwaje-gwajen da kuma karatu sun karyata wannan ra'ayi. Sai ya juya daga cewa nasu yanayin, electrons ba, duk da haka, zai yiwu a hango ko hasashen wani yanki a cikin abin da barbashi ne mafi sau da yawa. Revolving a kusa da tsakiya, orbital electrons nunawa, kira electron harsashi. Yanzu shi ne gudanar da bincike da tsarin da electron bawo na kwayoyin halitta. Lissafin kimiyya sha'awar tambayoyi: yadda electrons matsawa? Shin, akwai wani motsi ordering? Zai yiwu motsi ne m?

Bohr atomic kimiyyar lissafi anda kakanin kakaninsa da kuma da dama daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa electrons juya bawo, yadudduka, kuma su motsi yayi dace da wasu dokoki. Mun ya rufe da cikakken nazarin tsarin da electron bawo na kwayoyin halitta.

Yana yana da muhimmanci musamman ga sanin tsarin sunadarai, saboda Properties daga cikin abu, shi ya riga ya bayyana, shi ya dogara da na'urar da hali na electrons. Daga wannan ra'ayi, da hali na electron orbitals - mafi muhimmanci halayyar wannan barbashi. An gano cewa, da kusa da na tsakiya na zarra, electrons aka shirya, da mafi kokarin dole ne a yi amfani da karya da alkawari daga electron-tsakiya. Electrons suna located kusa da zuciyar, suna tare da shi matsakaicin mahada, amma a mafi žarancin makamashi. A cikin matsanancin electrons, a daya hannun, da dangantaka da tsakiya da aka rage, da kuma samar da makamashi ajiye qara. Kamar wancan kafa lantarki kwayoyin halitta a kusa da yadudduka. A tsarin da electron bawo na kwayoyin halitta ya zama bayarda. An gano cewa da makamashi matakan (yadudduka) kafa a kan wani stock kama barbashi makamashi.

Yau an san cewa da makamashi matakin shi ne dogara a kan n (ne jimla yawan) kuma yayi dace da integers daga 1 zuwa 7. A tsarin da electron bawo na kwayoyin halitta da kuma most yawan electrons a kowane matakin ne m da dabara N = 2n2.

A manyan haruffa a cikin wannan dabara wakiltar most yawan electrons a kowane matakin, da kuma kananan - serial number na wannan matakin.

A tsarin da electron bawo na atoms kayyade cewa na farko da harsashi na iya zama babu fiye da biyu kwayoyin halitta, da kuma na hudu - ba fiye da 32. A waje, gama Layer ƙunshi ba fiye da 8 electrons. Ƙasansu akwai waɗansu inuwõwi inda m electrons suna dauke wanda ba a gama ba.