Siffofin al'amari: kome, wani jiki filin, jiki da injin. A ra'ayi na al'amarin

A muhimman hakkokin kashi na nazarin sararin yawa na kimiyyar yanayin halitta ne wani al'amari. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin ra'ayi, iri kaya, da kuma siffar kaddarorin da motsi.

Mene ne al'amari?

Ga mutane da yawa ƙarni, manufar al'amarin canji da kuma inganta. Saboda haka, tsoho Greek Falsafa Plato gan shi a matsayin wani substratum na abubuwa, wanda aka adawa da ra'ayin su. Aristotle ya ce cewa shi ne da wani abu na har abada, abin da bã ya iya halitta kuma hallaka. Daga baya masana falsafa Democritus da Leucippus ba maanar kwayoyin halitta a matsayin wata irin asali abubuwa na wanda duk jikin a cikin dũniya, kuma a cikin sararin samaniya.

A zamani manufar al'amari ba V. I.Lenin, bisa ga abin da shi ne mai raba da kuma zaman kanta haƙiƙa category, bayyana ta mutum ji, majiyai, shi kuma za a iya kofe da hoton.

al'amarin halayen

Babban halaye na kayan ne uku siffofin:

• Space.
• Lokaci.
• Movement.

Biyu na farko ne daban-daban metrological halaye, watau su za a iya quantified ta musamman na'urorin. A sarari aka auna a mita, da kuma dabi'u na Kalam, da kuma lokacin da a awa, minti, seconds, kuma a cikin kwanaki, watanni, da shekaru, da dai sauransu A lokacin akwai kuma wasu, ba kasa muhimmanci dukiya - .. Irreversibility. Ba za ka iya koma zuwa wani masomin a lokacin, lokacin vector ne ko da yaushe daya mai gefe da kuma motsa daga baya zuwa nan gaba. A bambanci zuwa lokaci, sarari - mai rikitarwa ra'ayi da kuma shi yana da uku-girma ji (tsawo, tsawon, nisa). Saboda haka, duk wani nau'i na al'amarin iya motsa a sarari ga wani lokaci.

Siffofin motsi

Duk abin da na kewaye da mu ke motsi a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma hulɗa tare da juna. The motsi faruwa ci gaba da kuma shi ne mai babbar mallaka da dukkan siffofin al'amarin. A halin yanzu, wannan tsari zai iya faru ba kawai daga mahara abubuwa, amma kuma a cikin kayan kanta, haifar da canji. Akwai da wadannan siffofin tashin:

• Inji - wannan yunkuri na abubuwa a sarari (apple fall daga itacen, yanã tafiya da gaggãwa zomo).

• Jiki - faruwa a lokacin da jikinsa na sakewa da halaye (misali jiki jihar). Misalai: snow melts, vaporizes ruwa da dai sauransu ...
• Chemicals - gyara da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na kayan (karfe lalata, hadawan abu da iskar shaka na glucose)
• Halittu - ya auku a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da kuma characterizes vegetative girma, metabolism, haifuwa da sauransu.

• Social fom - zamantakewa hulda matakai: sadarwa, gudanar da tarurruka, zaben da sauransu ..
• Sashen - characterizes motsi na kwayoyin halitta a cikin duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma ciki na duniya: da zuciyar, alkyabba.

Duk na sama siffofin al'amari ne m, karin kuma yi amfani da interchangeably. Ba za su iya zama da kansa da kuma ba su isasshe.

Properties na al'amarin

Ancient da kuma kimiyyar zamani da aka dangana wa da yawa Properties na al'amarin. The fi na kowa, kuma a bayyane - a motsi, amma akwai sauran duniya Properties:

• Ta uncreatable da indestructible. Wannan dukiyar yana nufin cewa wani jiki ko abu don wani lokaci, akwai tasowa, gushe kamar yadda asalin abu, amma al'amarin ba gushe, kuma kawai ya canza kama zuwa wasu siffofin.
• Shi ne har abada da kuma iyaka a sarari.
• Constant motsi, canji, gyara.
• Kaddara, dogaro a kan samar da abubuwan da haddasawa. Wannan dukiya ne wani nau'i ne na bayani na asalin al'amarin a matsayin wani sakamako na wasu abubuwan.

The main iri al'amarin

Modern malamai sun gano uku da muhimman hakkokin siffofin al'amari:

• A abu da ciwon takamaiman taro a sauran, shi ne ya fi kowa da irin. Yana iya kunshi gaɓũɓuwa, kwayoyin, kwayoyin halitta, kuma su mahadi, wanda sune a jiki na zahiri.
• Jiki filin - musamman kayan abu, wanda aka tsara domin mayarda abubuwa (abubuwa).
• Jiki injin - wani abu matsakaici tare da mafi ƙasƙanci makamashi matakin.

Next, wani cikakken look at kowane daga cikin nau'in.

abu

The abu - wani irin al'amari, babban alama wanda yake shi ne mai hankali, watau discontinuous, iyaka. Da tsarin kunshi da karami barbashi a cikin nau'i na protons, electrons, kuma neutrons kunsha zarra. Sunadaran a cikin kwayoyin suna shiga ta samar da wata abu wadda, bi da bi, Forms da jiki jiki ko flowable abu.

Duk wani abu ya mallaka a yawan mutum halaye da cewa rarrabe shi daga wasu, salla, yawa, tafasar batu da kuma narkewa batu, da crystal raga tsarin. A karkashin wani yanayi, daban-daban abubuwa za a iya shiga da kuma gauraye. A yanayi aka sãme su a jihohi uku na tari: m, ruwa da gaseous. A wannan musamman jiki jihar yayi dace da yanayin ciki kawai abu da kuma tsanani da kwayoyin hulda, amma shi ne wani mutum da halayyar. Saboda haka, ruwa a daban-daban yanayin zafi da kuma iya daukar wani ruwa da kuma m, kuma gaseous form.

jiki filin

Nau'in hada jiki al'amarin da irin wannan bangaren kamar yadda jiki filin. Yana da wani irin tsarin da kayan jikinsu mu'amala. A filin ba mai raba mahaluži ba amma wata m takamaiman kaddarorin ta barbashi sun kafa. Saboda haka, bugun jini 'yanci daga daya barbashi, amma ba tunawa a cikin sauran, shi ne wani m na filin.

Jiki filayen - a real ko iskar siffofin al'amari mallakan dukiya da cin gaba. Su za a iya classified bisa ga daban-daban sharudda:

1. Dangane da filin-sa cajin bambanta: lantarki, Magnetic da gravitational filayen.
2. By da yanayin da cajin motsi: tsauri filin, ilimin kididdiga (ƙunshi ajali dangi zuwa juna wasiyya da barbashi).
3. By jiki hali: macro- da microfield (halitta motsi na mutum caje barbashi).
4. Dangane da wanzuwar matsakaici: waje (cewa kewaye da cajin barbashi), a ciki (cikin filin ciki da abu), da gaskiya (jimlar darajar da ciki da kuma na waje filayen).

The jiki injin

A XX karni a kimiyyar lissafi a matsayin jayayya tsakanin yan jari-hujja da kuma idealists don bayyana wasu mamaki bayyana kalmar "jiki injin". A farko yaba shi da kayan Properties, da kuma karshen da'awar cewa wani injin - shi kõme ba ne fãce fanko. Modern kimiyyar lissafi ya ƙaryata game da hukuncin da idealists da kuma tabbatar da cewa wani injin - shi ne abu yanayi, kuma Kwafa da jimla filin. Yawan barbashi a shi ne ya daidaita da sifili, wanda, duk da haka, bai hana abin da ya faru na gajere barbashi a cikin tsaka-bulan. A jimla ka'idar jiki injin samar da makamashi matakin conventionally dauka a matsayin m, watau sifili. Duk da haka, gwaje tabbatar da cewa, makamashi da filin na iya zama duka korau da kyau zargin. Akwai jarrabawa cewa duniya ya tashi cikin sharuddan da jiki injin m.

Har yanzu ba su cikakken nazarin tsarin da jiki injin, ko da yake sananne ga mutane da yawa na da kaddarorin. A cewar rami Dirac ka'idar, da jimla filin kunshi motsi photons da wannan cajin, da abun da ke ciki da ya rage m kansu kamfani mai suna Quanta gungu wanda aka koma a cikin nau'i na kalaman qarqashinsu.