Littafi Sociological theories

Ilimin halayyar matsayin kimiyya suka fara samar a cikin karni na 19th ta hanyar ayyukan da Faransa masanin kimiyya Auguste Comte. The kafa na ilimin halayyar zaman Auguste Comte farko ya bayyana bukatar haifar da kimiyya na al'umma. Shi ne wanda ya kafa positivist shugabanci.

Matakai na raya ilimin halayyar

   Matsaloli da suka shafi zamantakewa domin, la'akari da Plato da kuma Aristotle a zamanin tsohuwar Girka, T. Moore, Francis Bacon da Machiavelli a cikin Renaissance, Thomas Hobbes, Yahaya. Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu a wannan zamanin.

A cikin karni na 19th, ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a fara ci gaba rayayye. Akwai ayyuka na Herbert Spencer, Comte, Marx, Engels. Wannan lokaci za a iya kira na farko da mataki na ci gaban zamantakewa kimiyya (1840-1880 gg.).

A mataki na biyu (1890-1920 gg.), The juyin halitta na kimiyya na al'umma an hade tare da ci gaban hanyoyin da sociological bincike da kuma ci gaban da categorical na'ura. Positivist ganewa na Herbert Spencer da Auguste Comte ci gaba wajen samar da a cikin ayyukansu na Faransa masanin kimiyya Emile Durkheim, marubucin ka'idar, dangane da aikin bincike na zamantakewa cibiyoyin. Kusa da wannan lokaci, shi zai fara samar da wata kimiyya makaranta na Max Weber, ya kafa na "fahimtar" ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, wanda, a ra'ayinsa, dole ne mu gane zamantakewa mataki da kuma kokarin bayyana ta ci gaba da kuma sakamakon.

The uku lokaci (1920 zuwa 1960) ne halin da farkon na aiki ci gaban da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a Amurka, tare da empirical bangaren. A mafi muhimmanci a wannan mataki ne da ka'idar Talcott Parsons, wanda ya yale mu mu wakiltar al'umma a matsayin irin tsauri aikin tsarin. Charles Mills ya halitta da ake kira "sabon ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a", wanda ya ba da ci gaban da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a na mataki da kuma m.

. A karo na hudu mataki a cikin ci gaban kimiyya, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1960, ya wakilta wani m iri-iri na kusa, Concepts, mai yawan marubuta: Robert Merton ka'idar, ethnomethodology H. Garfinkel, ka'idar m interactionism G. Mead da G. Bloomer, rikici ka'idar da Encoder wasu.

Littafi Sociological Theory

A farkon tambaya tsarin-functionalist bincike da nazari na jama'a, ya A. Radcliffe-Brown. Ya kyan gani, jama'a a matsayin irin superorganism cewa yana da dukan zama dole yanayi na zama na abin da, a gaskiya, akwai zamantakewa cibiyoyin. B. Malinowski ce manufar aiki da kuma amfani da functionalist tsarin kula da nazarin al'adu. Parsons ne dauke da kafa tsarin aikin ra'ayi. Yana kara raya da R. Merton, wanda ya gabatar da ra'ayi na tsakiyar matakin theories.

Littafi Sociological theories hada ma ka'idar m interactionism, wanda tasowa J. G. Mead da Charles Cooley. Hali ne ya yi ĩmãni Charles Cooley, shi ne sakamakon sadarwa. Hali mutumin zama ta hanyar hulda (hulda) a tsakanin mutane. J. G. Mead da shawarar da ra'ayin cewa mutum da na al'umma mataki dole ne a kafa, tare da taimakon haruffa samu daga daidaikun mutane a kan aiwatar da socialization.

Modern sociological theories ba za a iya zaton a yau ba tare da phenomenological ilimin halayyar zaman A. Schyutsa, wanda ya ce da mamaki zama kai tsaye a cikin zuciyarmu, da kuma ba su da alaka da ma'ana karshe. P. Berger da kuma T. Lukman ya zama sananne ga aikinsa a kan zamantakewa yi na gaskiya. By Peter Berger da kuma Thomas Luckmann jama'a za su iya zama a lokaci guda kamar yadda haƙiƙa, da kayadadden gaskiya.

Manyan wakilan neo-Markisanci sun Adorno, Marcuse, Habermas, Erich Fromm. Marxists asali methodological ka'idodin: sadaukar da humanism, positivism, tare da musu daga shared dabi'u da kuma facts, da kwato daga cikin mutum daga mafi bambancin siffofin amfani.

Bourdieu, ya kafa na sanyata structuralism, yunkurin kauce wa adawa na msar tambayar da empirical ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a.

Wadannan su ne ainihin zamani sociological theories.