Abin da aka kunshe a cikin DNA sugar? Chemical kwasfa na DNA tsarin

Yadda ban mamaki don duba yadda kama da juna su ne iyaye da kuma yara. Ko, a akasin haka, quite daban-daban daga, da kuma 'yan'uwa, kuma daga inna da baba. Me ya sa shi ya faru da kuma abin da bai da shi ya dogara ne? Me Tsarin ke da alhakin tsare, da bunqasar, canja wuri da kuma nuna cututtuka a cikin zuriyata daga iyayensu?

Wannan rawa nasa ne da nucleic acid cewa samar chromosomes. Wannan su ne kwayoyin da cewa tsayar da ayyuka na duk matakai related to gadar hali da bambancin. Special prerogative ga wannan nasa ne DNA din.

Tarihi na samu na nucleic acid

Na dogon lokaci game da wadannan kwayoyin ba a sani. Duk da haka, a cikin 1869, masanin kimiyya daga bincike Miescher samu wata cakuda DNA da RNA, sa'an nan ya iya tabbatar cewa su ne zuwa acid. Ya yi wannan ta karatu farin jini Kwayoyin a ruɓaɓɓen jini.

Tun daga nan ya fara m nazarin wadannan mahadi. Masana kimiyya da dama sun yi kokarin sanin ko da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na DNA da RNA. Don gane yanayinsu, tsari da kuma yanayin da nazarin halittu rawa. A babban taimako ga wannan sanya ta irin wadannan mutane a matsayin:

• A. N. Belozersky.
• Thomas Morgan.
• K. Bridges.
• A. Meller.
• G. de Vries.
• A. Sturtevant.
• G. A. Nadson.
• A. S. Serebrovsky.
• NP Dubinin.
• TS Filippov da sauransu.

A lokacin daga 1900 zuwa yau shi ya bayyana yanayin nucleic acid, sinadaran da kwasfansu na DNA tsarin, da fasali da kuma nazarin halittu muhimmancin. binciken da aka yi, kyale mu yi la'akari da wannan kwayoyin duniya tushen duk wata rayuwa.

Bincike a cikin filin jinsi sun yarda su tabbatar da dangantaka tsakanin DNA da genome chromosomes, to decipher da kwayoyin code na da yawa halittu masu rai. Yana da muhimmanci ga fahimtar da namun daji, naúrar, ta aiki sunadaran.

Har ila yau, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na chromosome da aka gano. An gano cewa tushen - nucleic acid kwayoyin ciwon takamaiman tsari.

DNA: general halaye

Cikakken kwafi raguwa sunan - deoxyribonucleic acid. Tare da wannan RNA acid tana nufin wani yawan nucleic. Samu da sunan da saboda DNA shiga cikin sugar. Its sunan - deoxyribose.

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na DNA da RNA suna kama, bambanci a matsayin lokaci musamman cikin carbohydrate kafa kwayoyin. A RNA ne ribose.

A general, da deoxyribonucleic acid kwayoyin ne biyu stranded hadaddun macromolecule ciwon kwayoyin nauyi na babban abun da ke ciki da kuma bambance bambancen. Saboda haka, mafi yawan mahadi mai hoto image yana da nau'i na biyu igiyoyin, da hada su kẽta matakai - shaidu.

A 1953, Chargaff da takwarorinsa sun iya cikakken bayyana ciki tsari da kuma abun da ke ciki na DNA, wadda aka bayar da muhimmanci ga dukan ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da kuma kimiyya a general. Yana ta bayyana cewa a cikin biyar-carbon sugar hada da DNA sansanonin (pentose), purine da pyrimidine sansanonin da orthophosphoric acid sharan.

Yana yiwuwa ba ne kawai don kara decipher da sosai tsarin da fili, amma kuma ya yi nazarin da kaddarorin, jiki da kuma sinadaran. A nazarin halittu rawar da muhimmanci ga gabar da aka tsince a matsayin muhimman hakkokin, duniya, da kuma takamaiman ga kowane abu.

sinadaran da abun da ke ciki

Idan fahince ciki atomic da kwayoyin abun da ke ciki na nucleic acid kwayoyin, yana yiwuwa a gano da dama na asali iri mahadi:

• pentose - deoxyribose (carbohydrate ne monosaccharide).
• kwayoyin sansanonin - purine (adenine da kuma Bibyun) pyrimidine (saitosin, kuma taimain).
• phosphoric acid sharan tare da free shaidu.

Wannan, a general, duk sinadaran da kwasfansu na DNA tsarin. Wani abu shi ne cewa a hade da duk wadannan aka gyara ba sauki, amma shi ne mai hadaddun da musamman tsari. Saboda haka, interconnected deoxyribose, tushe da inorganic acid saura tare samar da wata nucleotide. Shi ne daya daga cikin nucleotide jerin, da kuma tasowa cikin dukan tsarin da kwayoyin a matsayin dukan.

Musamman ne da jerin a cikin abin da kwayoyin tushe za a located daya bayan da wasu da kuma dangane da m sarkar. A nucleotide jerin aka gina bisa ga wasu ka'idoji, sarki daga cikinsu shi ne complementarity (m maganganun purine da pyrimidine aka gyara). Wannan damar kowane mutum da ta kayyade code, wani musamman, m da kuma zurfin-takamaiman.

Phenotype aka bayyana a cikin wani nau'i na maye na gaba daya halaye daban-daban, a cikin wancan akwai wani biyu m mutane (sai m tagwaye), da bayãnin hukuncin fasali na bayyanar.

A tsarin da DNA ya hada da wani sugar?

Dalili na wani kwayoyin halitta - a carbon sarkar sunadaran. Cikin jigidar halittar DNA ba wani togiya. Bayan duk na DNA shiga sugar, wato, shi kunshi jerin biyar carbon atoms, hade a wata cyclic tsarin. Wannan guda kwayoyin da aka katse wani oxygen gada a cikin sauran zagayowar.

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na sukari da aka bayyana, ta hanyar da wadannan empirical dabara: C ₅ H ₁₀ Ya _4. Wannan kwayoyin - aldopentoza hada da biyar carbon atoms, juya a cikin wani madauki. Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sarkar maimakon na hydroxyl kungiyar kawai ya ƙunshi hydrogen, saboda haka akwai wani prefix kamar "deoxy" a cikin sugar take, Ina nufin, ba tare da oxygen.

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na sukari aka gano da kuma karatu Fibusom Lieven, wanda ya buɗe wa dukan tsarin da kuma sinadaran halitta na fili a shekara ta 1929.

Base a cikin kwayoyin

Organic sansanonin wani bangare ne na DNA nucleic acid za a iya raba biyu main kungiyoyin.

1. Purine - sifofi kafa ta biyu na carbon sake zagayowar - wani biyar-membered da shida-membered. Wadannan sun hada da adenine da kuma Bibyun, waxanda suke da karin wani pyrimidine tushe hada da deoxyribonucleic acid.
2. Pyrimidine - shida-membered carbon zobba. Wannan ya hada da taimain da saitosin.

Saboda haka, ta bayyana cewa, wani daga cikin DNA sukari da kuma wani tushe da alaka da juna da kuma alaka da links tare da m na phosphoric acid. All tare shi dai nucleotide. A general tsarin biyu-stranded jigidar halittar DNA nucleotides su ɗaure a tsakãninsu a cewar wani mulki na complementarity: adenine tushe yayi dace da taimain, Bibyun kuma - saitosin.

Iri shaidu tsakanin barbashi

The main iri dangantaka tsakanin bangaren DNA Tsarin kamar haka:

• hydrogen.
• iyakacin duniya covalent.
• intermolecular sojojin na janye.
• Vahan der Waals hulda.

Wannan ba ka damar biyu-stranded tsarin wanzu a uku conformations:

• farko - mikakke jeruwar nucleotides.
• secondary - kowane helically juya yarns da biyu na gaba da juna.
• manyan - hadaddun conformational globule karfi da helical kwayoyin.

Kamar wancan ne da cewa wani sashi daga cikin DNA ta shiga sugar, tushe, da kuma acid sharan shi ne tushen da tsarin da ƙasa ga aiwatar da wani yawan interactions da kuma samuwar sinadaran shaidu.

DNA darajar for kwayoyin

Akwai da dama da muhimmanci sosai maki:

1. Kwayoyin dauke acid suna kunshe a cikin sinadaran abun da ke ciki na chromosomes cewa sanin da ainihi na duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.
2. DNA - tushen kira na hadaddun polypeptide sarƙoƙi alhakin coding da kuma watsa hereditary halaye.
3. Deoxyribonucleic acid - tushe don kwafi, Ina nufin primary RNA kira, da furotin da baya.

Irin wannan tafiyar matakai faruwa ne a duk kwayoyin. Wannan damar da wannan tsarin kira duniya naúrar na dukan abubuwa masu rai.

Sabuntawa kwayoyin

Wannan tsari wakiltar wani maimaitawan wannan jigidar halittar DNA, abin da ke faruwa spontaneously da kashe kudi da makamashi a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Babban bangaren a cikin wannan harka - DNA polymerase, wani enzyme tsara da kuma iko da dukan kira.

Kwafi nufi shi ne cewa kowane daya daga cikin strands na kwayoyin rarrabu kuma ya ninka ta mikakke jerin. A sakamakon aiwatar da samar biyu sabon DNA din kowanne daga abin da ya ƙunshi guda polypeptide sarkar haihuwa, kuma a karo na biyu kaucewa sabon, gina bisa ga ka'ida na complementarity.

Tsari Value - don samar da ɗiyansa daga kwayoyin bayanai a gaba ɗayansa.